Initiation into prescription opioid misuse amongst young injection drug users
Open accessAbstract
Background Prescription opioids are the most frequently misused class of prescription drugs amongst young adults. Initiation into prescription opioid misuse is an important public health concern since opioids are increasingly associated with drug dependence and fatal overdose. Descriptive data about initiation into prescription opioid misuse amongst young injection drug users (IDUs) are scarce.Methods An exploratory qualitative study was undertaken to describe patterns of initiation into prescription opioid misuse amongst IDUs aged 16-25 years. Those young IDUs who had misused a prescription drug at least three times in the past three months were recruited during 2008 and 2009 in Los Angeles (n=25) and New York (n=25). Informed by an ethno-epidemiological approach, descriptive data from a semi-structured interview guide were analysed both quantitatively and qualitatively.Results Initiation into prescription opioid misuse was facilitated by easy access to opioids via participant's own prescription, family, or friends, and occurred earlier than misuse of other illicit drugs, such as heroin. Nearly all transitioned into sniffing opioids, most injected opioids, and many initiated injection drug use with an opioid. Motives for transitions to sniffing and injecting opioids included obtaining a more potent high and/or substituting for heroin; access to multiple sources of opioids was common amongst those who progressed to sniffing and injecting opioids.Conclusion Prescription opioid misuse was a key feature of trajectories into injection drug use and/or heroin use amongst this sample of young IDUs. A new pattern of drug use may be emerging whereby IDUs initiate prescription opioid misuse before using heroin.
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Non medical use of pharmaceutical opioids leading to injection heroin use and concomitant use of heroin and pharmaceutical opioids have been reported.
“Non medical use of pharmaceutical opioids leading to injection heroin use and concomitant use of heroin and pharmaceuticals opioids have been reported (Siegal et al., 1994; Lankenau et al., 2012; Nielsen et al., 2011; Wilkins et al., 2011).”
From National trends in pharmaceutical opioid related overdose deaths compared to other substance related overdose deaths: 1999-2009. (2013) · cites this paper as Lankenau et al., 2012
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“…IDUs in North America, published since 2000 – the period covering the rapid rise in opioid misuse (SAMSHA, 2009c) - revealed only five manuscripts that reported data on prescription opioid misuse (Hagan et al., 2007; Lankenau et al., 2007a; 2007b; Firestone & Fischer, 2008; Evans et al., 2009).”
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“First, four of five IDUs misused an opioid before injecting heroin, which is in contrast to more conventional patterns of using opioids as a substitute drug after initiating heroin use (Chein et al., 1964; Faupel, 1991; Daniulaityte et al., 2006).”
Trends in injection drug use behaviors over 10 years among street youth
Roy, É., Boudreau, J.-F., Leclerc, P., Boivin, J., & Godin, G. (2007) · Drug and Alcohol Dependence · doi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2006.12.025 · Cited by 41 · cited 1× · see citing works
“Young injection drugs users (IDUs) – persons aged 30 and younger who currently inject drugs (e.g., Fuller et al., 2001; Roy et al., 2007; Page et al., 2009; Hagan et al., 2010) - are a particularly high-risk subgroup of adolescents and young adults (Thorpe et al., 2002; Davidson et al., 2002;…”
Pach, A., & Gorman, E. (2002) · Boletín de estupefacientes · Cited by 40 · see citing works
Transition to injection drug use among street youth—A qualitative analysis
Roy, É., Nonn, É., & Haley, N. (2008) · Drug and Alcohol Dependence · doi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2007.09.021 · Cited by 39 · cited 1× · see citing works
“…begins with misuse of opioids is important given the prevalence of prescription opioid misuse among adolescents (Johnston et al., 2010) and young adults (SAMSHA, 2010a) and the risks associated with transitioning into injection drug use (Fuller et al., 2002; Sherman et al., 2006; Roy et al., 2008).”
Prevalence and Correlates of Suicidal Ideation Among Young Injection vs. Noninjection Drug Users
Havens, J. R., Sherman, S. G., Sapun, M., & Strathdee, S. A. (2006) · Substance Use & Misuse · doi:10.1080/10826080500391811 · Cited by 39 · cited 2× · see citing works
“Young IDUs – whose lifetime prevalence of heroin has approached 100% in some studies (Ochoa et al., 2005; Havens et al., 2006) - are at increased risk for initiation and misuse of prescription opioids (SAMSHA, 2009b).”
Prevalence and Patterns of Prescription Drug Misuse among Young Ketamine Injectors
Lankenau, S. E., Sanders, B., Bloom, J. J., Hathazi, D., Alarcon, E., Tortu, S., & Clatts, M. C. (2007) · Journal of Drug Issues · doi:10.1177/002204260703700311 · Cited by 39 · cited 5× · see citing works
“These studies provided only minimal descriptive data such as lifetime prevalence (Lankenau et al. 2007a), misuse in the past three months (Hagan et al., 2007; Evans et al., 2009), or anecdotal findings on initiation (Lankenau et al., 2007b; Finestone & Fischer, 2008).”
InfluentialSelf-citationDark paradise: Opiate addiction in America before 1940
Bakalar, J. B. (1983) · Social Science & Medicine · doi:10.1016/0277-9536(83)90318-0 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
Hagan, H., Campbell, J. V., Thiede, H., Strathdee, S. A., Ouellet, L. J., Latka, M. H., Hudson, S., & Garfein, R. S. (2007) · Drug and Alcohol Dependence · doi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2007.02.002 · Cited by 38 · cited 2× · see citing works
“…IDUs in North America, published since 2000 – the period covering the rapid rise in opioid misuse (SAMSHA, 2009c) - revealed only five manuscripts that reported data on prescription opioid misuse (Hagan et al., 2007; Lankenau et al., 2007a; 2007b; Firestone & Fischer, 2008; Evans et al., 2009).”
Drug Injection Practices Among High-Risk Youths: The First Shot of Ketamine
Lankenau, S. E. (2004) · Journal of Heredity · doi:10.1093/jurban/jth110 · Cited by 37 · cited 1× · see citing works
“Prior research indicates that studying initiation events among young IDUs contributes towards a fuller comprehension of emerging drugs (Lankenau & Clatts, 2004; Firestone & Fischer, 2008), user populations (Roy et al., 2002; Fuller et al., 2003), risk behaviours (Roy et al., 2003; Lankenau et al.,…”
Self-citationSchneider, M. F., Bailey, J. E., Cicero, T. J., Dart, R. C., Inciardi, J. A., Parrino, M. W., & Muñoz, Á. (2009) · Pharmacoepidemiology and Drug Safety · doi:10.1002/pds.1780 · Cited by 35 · cited 4× · see citing works
“Furthermore, the progression from initiating misuse with Vicodin – amongst the most widely prescribed opioid in the U.S. (Schneider et al. 2009) – to later sniffing and/or injecting OxyContin – a less commonly prescribed but more potent opioid (Schneider et al. 2009) – indicates increasingly sophisticated users with a…”
InfluentialLankenau, S. E., Wagner, K. D., Bloom, J. J., Sanders, B., Hathazi, D., & Shin, C. (2010) · Journal of Drug Issues · doi:10.1177/002204261004000201 · Cited by 32 · cited 2× · see citing works
“…(Lankenau & Clatts, 2004; Firestone & Fischer, 2008), user populations (Roy et al., 2002; Fuller et al., 2003), risk behaviours (Roy et al., 2003; Lankenau et al., 2010), social context (Harocopos et al., 2009; Goldsamt et al., 2010) and potential prevention and intervention strategies (Sherman…”
Self-citationClinical analgesic assay of repeated and single doses of heroin and hydromorphone
Wallenstein, S. L., Houde, R. W., Portenoy, R. K., Lapin, J., Rogers, A. G., & Foley, K. M. (1990) · Pain · doi:10.1016/0304-3959(90)91102-o · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Sanders, B., Lankenau, S. E., & Jackson-Bloom, J. (2010) · Substance Use & Misuse · doi:10.3109/10826081003595267 · Cited by 18 · cited 1× · see citing works
“This mixed method approach has been used previously to describe risk behaviours and patterns of substance misuse among smaller samples of high-risk youth (Lankenau et al., 2005; Lankenau & Sanders, 2007; Hathazi et al., 2009; Sanders et al., 2010).”
Self-citationEpidemiologic trends in drug abuse: Proceedings of the Community Epidemiology Work Group
(2007) · PsycEXTRA Dataset · doi:10.1037/e724122007-001 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
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- Clatts MC Davis WR Atillasoy A Hitting a moving target: the use of ethnographic methods in the evaluation of AIDS outreach programs for homeless youth in NYC. Qualitative Methods in Drug Abuse and HIV Research NIDA Research Monograph 1995 157 117 135 8684434
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The Changing Face of Heroin Use in the United States
Cicero, T. J., Ellis, M. S., Surratt, H. L., & Kurtz, S. P. (2014) · JAMA Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2014.366 · Cited by 1,169 · see citing works
Relationship between Nonmedical Prescription-Opioid Use and Heroin Use
Compton, W. M., Jones, C. M., & Baldwin, G. T. (2016) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmra1508490 · Cited by 1,044 · see citing works
HIV Infection Linked to Injection Use of Oxymorphone in Indiana, 2014–2015
Peters, P. J., Pontones, P. R., Hoover, K. W., Patel, M. R., Galang, R. R., Shields, J., Blosser, S. J., Spiller, M. W., Combs, B., Switzer, W. M., et al. (2016) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmoa1515195 · Cited by 594 · see citing works
Jones, C. M. (2013) · Drug and Alcohol Dependence · doi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2013.01.007 · Cited by 517 · see citing works
“Every ‘Never’ I Ever Said Came True”: Transitions from opioid pills to heroin injecting
Mars, S. G., Bourgois, P. I., Karandinos, G., Montero, F., & Ciccarone, D. (2013) · International Journal of Drug Policy · doi:10.1016/j.drugpo.2013.10.004 · Cited by 431 · see citing works
“…(eg US Department of Justice, 2001; OSAM, 2002) there have been very few in-depth studies of the experiences of users transitioning between these drugs, their modes of administration and the contexts in which these developments take place (see Daniulaityte et al, 2006 and Lankenau et al, 2012).”
BackgroundResultInfluentialCalcaterra, S., Glanz, J., & Binswanger, I. A. (2013) · Drug and Alcohol Dependence · doi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2012.11.018 · Cited by 330 · see citing works
Unick, G. J., Rosenblum, D., Mars, S. G., & Ciccarone, D. (2013) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0054496 · Cited by 255 · see citing works
“Heroin use has some fluidity among certain populations and injectors may switch between opiates [41].”
BackgroundPolicy Pathways to Address Provider Workforce Barriers to Buprenorphine Treatment
Haffajee, R. L., Bohnert, A. S. B., & Lagisetty, P. (2018) · American Journal of Preventive Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.amepre.2017.12.022 · Cited by 252 · see citing works
“17,75–77 Categories of workforce barriers contributing to buprenorphine underutilization include: (1) insufficient training, education, and experience; (2) lack of institutional and clinician peer support; (3) poor care coordination; (4) provider stigma; (5) inadequate or burdensome reimbursement; and (6) burdensome r…”
BackgroundCerdá, M., Santaella-Tenorio, J., Marshall, B. D. L., Kim, J. H., & Martins, S. S. (2015) · The Journal of Pediatrics · doi:10.1016/j.jpeds.2015.04.071 · Cited by 248 · see citing works
“610 initiation of nonmedical use of prescription opioids is associated with higher risk for later prescription opioid abuse and dependence.(5,12) The strong association between nonmedical use of prescription opioid use in early adolescence and heroin initiation in young adulthood is a particular concern at the present”
BackgroundJarlais, D. C. D., Nugent, A. V., Solberg, A., Feelemyer, J. P., Mermin, J., & Holtzman, D. J. (2015) · MMWR Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report · doi:10.15585/mmwr.mm6448a3 · Cited by 248 · see citing works
Cicero, T. J., & Ellis, M. S. (2015) · JAMA Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2014.3043 · Cited by 237 · see citing works
Carlson, R. G., Nahhas, R. W., Martins, S. S., & Daniulaityte, R. (2016) · Drug and Alcohol Dependence · doi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2015.12.026 · Cited by 208 · see citing works
“Potential predictors were selected mostly based on prior retrospective research findings suggesting associations between heroin initiation and: PO dependence (e.g., Jones, 2013, 2015; Lankenau et al., 2012; Mars et al., 2014); frequency of PO use (Jones, 2013, 2015; Muhuri et al.”
InfluentialPost-Discharge Opioid Prescribing and Use after Common Surgical Procedure
Fujii, M. H., Hodges, A., Russell, R. L., Roensch, K., Beynnon, B. D., Ahern, T. P., Holoch, P. A., Moore, J., Ames, E., & MacLean, C. D. (2018) · Journal of the American College of Surgeons · doi:10.1016/j.jamcollsurg.2018.01.058 · Cited by 177 · see citing works
Guidelines for Opioid Prescribing in Children and Adolescents After Surgery
Kelley‐Quon, L. I., Kirkpatrick, M. G., Ricca, R. L., Baird, R., Harbaugh, C. M., Brady, A., Garrett, P., Wills, H. E., Argo, J., Diefenbach, K. A., et al. (2020) · JAMA Surgery · doi:10.1001/jamasurg.2020.5045 · Cited by 174 · see citing works
Koester, S., Mueller, S. R., Raville, L., Langegger, S., & Binswanger, I. A. (2017) · International Journal of Drug Policy · doi:10.1016/j.drugpo.2017.06.008 · Cited by 165 · see citing works
“…& Grant, 2007; Bennett et al., 2011; Bohnert et al., 2011; Davidson, Ochoa, Hahn, Evans, & Moss, 2002; Enteen et al., 2010; Follett et al., 2014; Lankenau et al., 2012; Maher & Dixon, 1999; McGregor, Darke, Ali, & Christie, 1998; Moore, 2004; Pollini et al., 2006; Seal et al., 2005; Sergeev,…”
Park, J. N., Rouhani, S., Beletsky, L. A., VINCENT, L., Saloner, B. K., & Sherman, S. G. (2020) · Milbank Quarterly · doi:10.1111/1468-0009.12470 · Cited by 165 · see citing works
Kenan, K. N., Mack, K. A., & Paulozzi, L. J. (2012) · Europe PMC (PubMed Central) · Cited by 149 · see citing works
Trends in the Population Prevalence of People Who Inject Drugs in US Metropolitan Areas 1992–2007
Tempalski, B. J., Pouget, E. R., Cleland, C. M., Brady, J. E., Cooper, H. L. F., Hall, H. I., Lansky, A., West, B. S., & Friedman, S. R. (2013) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0064789 · Cited by 141 · see citing works
“For example, young injectors may be less aware of the dangers of injecting drugs and how to reduce their risk, and as such, more likely to share syringes and drug preparation equipment increasing their risk of HIV, hepatitis B and C, as well as fatal overdose and homicide [96,97,98,100,105,106,107].”
BackgroundPREDOSE: A semantic web platform for drug abuse epidemiology using social media
Cameron, D., Smith, G. A., Daniulaityte, R., Sheth, A., Dave, D., Chen, L., Anand, G., Carlson, R. G., Watkins, K. Z., & Falck, R. S. (2013) · Journal of Biomedical Informatics · doi:10.1016/j.jbi.2013.07.007 · Cited by 140 · see citing works
“Increases in illicit pharmaceutical opioid use resulted in escalating accidental overdose death rates [37], expanded pathways to heroin addiction [15,29,38,46] and significant increases in opioid use disorders [30].”
Cicero, T. J., & Ellis, M. S. (2017) · Dialogues in Clinical Neuroscience · doi:10.31887/dcns.2017.19.3/tcicero · Cited by 134 · see citing works
“Qualitative studies on prescription opioid abuse.(17-33) First author, year Study type Population Recruitment Major descriptive themes”
BackgroundProblematic use of prescription-type opioids prior to heroin use among young heroin injectors
Pollini, R. A., Garfein, Banta‐Green, C. J., Cuevas-Mota, Metzner, & Teshale (2011) · Substance Abuse and Rehabilitation · doi:10.2147/sar.s24800 · Cited by 134 · see citing works
“12,13 The findings from these three cities, in combination with previously published reports, 6–9, 14 indicate an urgent need for prospective We also found significant differences between the two groups with regard to HIV/HCV risk perceptions.”
Chiu, A. S., Healy, J. M., DeWane, M. P., Longo, W. E., & Yoo, P. S. (2017) · Journal of surgical education · doi:10.1016/j.jsurg.2017.06.020 · Cited by 134 · see citing works
Risks of fatal opioid overdose during the first year following nonfatal overdose
Olfson, M., Wall, M. M., Wang, S., Crystal, S., & Blanco, C. (2018) · Drug and Alcohol Dependence · doi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2018.06.004 · Cited by 133 · see citing works
Frank, D., Mateu‐Gelabert, P., Guarino, H., Bennett, A. S., Wendel, T., Jessell, L., & Teper, A. (2014) · International Journal of Drug Policy · doi:10.1016/j.drugpo.2014.07.013 · Cited by 130 · see citing works
Ciccarone, D., Unick, G. J., Cohen, J. K., Mars, S. G., & Rosenblum, D. (2016) · Drug and Alcohol Dependence · doi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2016.04.009 · Cited by 131 · see citing works
“A nationwide multifaceted transition is occurring from opioid pill misuse to heroin injecting (Cicero and Ellis, 2015; Cicero et al., 2012; Daniulaityte et al., 2006; Dart et al., 2015; Lankenau et al., 2012; Peavy et al., 2012).”
BackgroundOutpatient opioid prescriptions for children and opioid-related adverse events.
Chung, C. P., Callahan, S. T., Cooper, W. O., Dupont, W. D., Murray, K. T., Franklin, A. D., Hall, K., Dudley, J. A., Stein, C. M., & Ray, W. A. (2018) · PEDIATRICS · doi:10.1542/peds.2017-2156 · Cited by 124 · see citing works
Incidence and Predictors of Opioid Prescription at Discharge After Traumatic Injury
Chaudhary, M. A., Schoenfeld, A. J., Harlow, A. F., Ranjit, A., Scully, R. E., Chowdhury, R., Sharma, M., Nitzschke, S. L., Koehlmoos, T. P., & Haider, A. H. (2017) · JAMA Surgery · doi:10.1001/jamasurg.2017.1685 · Cited by 120 · see citing works
Mateu‐Gelabert, P., Guarino, H., Jessell, L., & Teper, A. (2014) · Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment · doi:10.1016/j.jsat.2014.07.002 · Cited by 119 · see citing works
“Recent research documents similar patterns among injecting PO misusers (Surratt, Kurtz and Cicero, 2011; Lankenau et al., 2012; Johnson et al., 2013).”
BackgroundResultInfluentialReductions in prescription opioid diversion following recent legislative interventions in Florida
Surratt, H. L., O’Grady, C. L., Kurtz, S. P., Stivers, Y., Cicero, T. J., Dart, R. C., & Chen, M. (2013) · Pharmacoepidemiology and Drug Safety · doi:10.1002/pds.3553 · Cited by 113 · see citing works
Larochelle, M. R., Zhang, F., Ross‐Degnan, D., & Wharam, J. F. (2015) · JAMA Internal Medicine · doi:10.1001/jamainternmed.2015.0914 · Cited by 110 · see citing works
Zibbell, J. E., Hart-Malloy, R., Barry, J., Fan, L., & Flanigan, C. A. (2014) · American Journal of Public Health · doi:10.2105/ajph.2014.302142 · Cited by 109 · see citing works
Wong, C. F., Silva, K., Kecojević, A., Schrager, S. M., Bloom, J. J., Iverson, E., & Lankenau, S. E. (2013) · Drug and Alcohol Dependence · doi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2013.01.024 · Cited by 107 · see citing works
Self-citationNonmedical opioid use and heroin use in a nationally representative sample of us high school seniors
Palamar, J. J., Shearston, J. A., Dawson, E., Mateu‐Gelabert, P., & Ompad, D. C. (2015) · Drug and Alcohol Dependence · doi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2015.11.005 · Cited by 105 · see citing works
“A uthor M anuscript A uthor M anuscript A uthor M anuscript A uthor M anuscript et al., 2015; Peavy et all, 2012; Brands et al. 2005; Lankenau et al., 2012; Mars et al., 2014; Jones, 2013).”
BackgroundHannon, C. P., Keating, T. C., Lange, J. K., Ricciardi, B. F., Waddell, B. S., & Valle, C. J. D. (2019) · The Journal of Arthroplasty · doi:10.1016/j.arth.2019.06.055 · Cited by 105 · see citing works
Daniulaityte, R., Falck, R. S., & Carlson, R. G. (2012) · International Journal of Drug Policy · doi:10.1016/j.drugpo.2012.01.012 · Cited by 103 · see citing works
Guarino, H., Mateu‐Gelabert, P., Teubl, J., & Goodbody, E. (2018) · Addictive Behaviors · doi:10.1016/j.addbeh.2018.04.017 · Cited by 101 · see citing works
Glanz, J. M., Narwaney, K. J., Mueller, S. R., Gardner, E. M., Calcaterra, S. L., Xu, S., Breslin, K. D., & Binswanger, I. A. (2018) · Journal of General Internal Medicine · doi:10.1007/s11606-017-4288-3 · Cited by 98 · see citing works
Heroin and fentanyl overdoses in Kentucky: Epidemiology and surveillance
Slavova, S. S., Costich, J. F., Bunn, T. L., Luu, H., Singleton, M. D., Hargrove, S. L., Triplett, J. S., Quesinberry, D. B., Ralston, W., & Ingram, V. (2017) · International Journal of Drug Policy · doi:10.1016/j.drugpo.2017.05.051 · Cited by 94 · see citing works
Sandbrink, F., Murphy, J. L., Johansson, M., Olson, J. L., Edens, E. L., Clinton-Lont, J., Sall, J., Spevak, C., VA/DoD Guideline Development Group, Sandbrink, F., et al. (2023) · Annals of Internal Medicine · doi:10.7326/m22-2917 · Cited by 94 · see citing works
“Thisguidelineincludesanewrecommendationtoscreen for additional mental health conditions that potentially increase risk in patients with chronic pain when considering long-term opioid therapy ( Table , recommendation 15).”
BackgroundBeauchamp, G. A., Winstanley, E. L., Ryan, S. A., & Lyons, M. S. (2014) · American Journal of Public Health · doi:10.2105/ajph.2014.302147 · Cited by 92 · see citing works
“Nonmedical use of prescription opioids is concerning not only because of the risk of fatal overdose but also because it often precedes injection heroin use.(26)”
BackgroundClinical Practice Guideline: Opioid Prescribing for Analgesia After Common Otolaryngology Operations
Anne, S., Mims, J. “., Tunkel, D. E., Rosenfeld, R. M., Boisoneau, D. S., Brenner, M. J., Cramer, J. D., Dickerson, D. M., Finestone, S. A., Folbe, A. J., et al. (2021) · Otolaryngology · doi:10.1177/0194599821996297 · Cited by 94 · see citing works
“Almost 75% of heroin users report that prescription medications afforded their first exposure to opioid use.(207,208) Among adolescents who reported consuming Table 17.”
BackgroundA behavioral economic analysis of the nonmedical use of prescription drugs among young adults.
Pickover, A. M., Messina, B. G., Correia, C. J., Garza, K. B., & Murphy, J. G. (2015) · Experimental and Clinical Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1037/pha0000052 · Cited by 86 · see citing works
“…Abuse, 2014) and is associated with elevated rates of other risk behaviors such as binge drinking, tobacco, marijuana, and other illicit drug use, and risky sexual behavior (Benotsch, Koester, Luckman, Martin, & Cejka, 2011; Lankenau et al., 2012; McCabe, Teter, Boyd, Knight, & Wechsler, 2005).”
BackgroundConfronting the Emerging Epidemic of HCV Infection Among Young Injection Drug Users
Valdiserri, R. O., Khalsa, J. H., Dan, C., Holmberg, S. D., Zibbell, J. E., Holtzman, D. J., Lubran, R., & Compton, W. M. (2014) · American Journal of Public Health · doi:10.2105/ajph.2013.301812 · Cited by 83 · see citing works
Kelley‐Quon, L. I., Cho, J., Strong, D. R., Miech, R. A., Barrington‐Trimis, J. L., Kechter, A., & Leventhal, A. M. (2019) · Archives of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine · doi:10.1001/jamapediatrics.2019.1750 · Cited by 83 · see citing works
Hannon, C. P., Calkins, T. E., Li, J., Culvern, C. N., Darrith, B., Nam, D., Gerlinger, T. L., Buvanendran, A., & Valle, C. J. D. (2019) · The Journal of Arthroplasty · doi:10.1016/j.arth.2019.01.065 · Cited by 81 · see citing works
Gushgari, A. J., Venkatesan, A. K., Chen, J., Steele, J. C., & Halden, R. U. (2019) · Water Research · doi:10.1016/j.watres.2019.06.003 · Cited by 80 · see citing works
“While exact percentages vary by study and city, studies cite that between 39% to 86% of heroin users admitted to nonmedical use of pharmaceutical opioids before beginning heroin use (Lankenau et al. 2012, Mateu-Gelabert et al. 2015, Peavy et al. 2012, Pollini et al. 2011, Siegal et al. 2003).”
BackgroundSilva, K., Schrager, S. M., Kecojević, A., & Lankenau, S. E. (2012) · Drug and Alcohol Dependence · doi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2012.08.014 · Cited by 79 · see citing works
Self-citationNonmedical prescription drug use among US young adults by educational attainment
Martins, S. S., Kim, J. H., Chen, L., Levin, D., Keyes, K. M., Cerdá, M., & Storr, C. L. (2014) · Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology · doi:10.1007/s00127-014-0980-3 · Cited by 78 · see citing works
Gushgari, A. J., Driver, E. M., Steele, J. C., & Halden, R. U. (2018) · Journal of Hazardous Materials · doi:10.1016/j.jhazmat.2018.07.073 · Cited by 78 · see citing works
Characterization of Prescription Opioid Abuse in the United States: Focus on Route of Administration
Kirsh, K. L., Peppin, J. F., & Coleman, J. (2012) · Journal of Pain & Palliative Care Pharmacotherapy · doi:10.3109/15360288.2012.734905 · Cited by 78 · see citing works
Dollar, C. B. (2018) · Critical Criminology · doi:10.1007/s10612-018-9398-7 · Cited by 72 · see citing works
“Even among persons using illicit opiates, such as heroin, evidence suggests that their dependence frequently started from taking prescription drugs (Cicero et al. 2014; Lankenau et al. 2012).”
Jones, C. M., Christensen, A., & Gladden, R. M. (2017) · Drug and Alcohol Dependence · doi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2017.03.011 · Cited by 72 · see citing works
Misuse of Prescription and Illicit Drugs among High-Risk Young Adults in Los Angeles and New York
Lankenau, S. E., Schrager, S. M., Silva, K., Kecojevic, A., Bloom, J. J., Wong, C. F., & Iverson, E. (2012) · Journal of Public Health Research · doi:10.4081/jphr.2012.e6 · Cited by 71 · see citing works
“5*** Tranquilizers 27 (9) 15 (5) 42 (7) ns Stimulants 19 (6) 14 (5) 33 (6) ns”
Self-citationBorodovsky, J. T., Levy, S., Fishman, M. J., & Marsch, L. A. (2018) · Journal of Addiction Medicine · doi:10.1097/adm.0000000000000388 · Cited by 70 · see citing works
“, 2009), (4) youths’ particularly rapid escalation in opioid use severity (eg, more regular use or injection use) (Mills et al., 2004; Daniulaityte et al., 2006; Lankenau et al., 2012), and (5) high risk for overdose (Frank et al.”
BackgroundA large HCV transmission network enabled a fast-growing HIV outbreak in rural Indiana, 2015
Ramachandran, S., Thai, H. T. C., Forbi, J. C., Galang, R. R., Dimitrova, Z., Xia, G.-L., Lin, Y., Punkova, L., Pontones, P. R., Gentry, J., et al. (2018) · EBioMedicine · doi:10.1016/j.ebiom.2018.10.007 · Cited by 70 · see citing works
“The high burden of HCV and HIV/HCV co-infection, coupled with lack of awareness and lowaccess to HCV services, highlights the need for sustainedmolecular surveillance of high-risk groups to understand better the landscape of HCV and HIV infections in the United States.”
BackgroundInfluentialThe Effect of Prescription Drug Monitoring Programs on Opioid Prescriptions and Heroin Crime RatesPreprint
Mallatt, J. (2017) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.3050692 · Cited by 70 · see citing works
“This transition from opioids to heroin is widely documented in small-scale research samples and surveys in the health and addiction literature (Lankenau et al., 2012; Siegal et al., 2003), and wide-scale empirical studies linking prescription opioids and heroin have just recently emerged (Alpert et…”
Guise, A., Horyniak, D., Melo, J. S., McNeil, R., & Werb, D. (2017) · Addiction · doi:10.1111/add.13957 · Cited by 68 · see citing works
“Friends [41,44, 47,48,50,51,55,56,60,68,70,73,77], family [41,43,44, 51,52,55,68,70–73], intimate partners [42,48,49,52,57, 59,60,64,68,70–72,77], acquaintances [37,43,77], gang members [63], elders [65] and drug dealers [41,42] were all described as influential.”
Patterns of Prescription Drug Misuse among Young Injection Drug Users
Lankenau, S. E., Teti, M., Silva, K., Bloom, J. J., Harocopos, A., & Treese, M. (2012) · Journal of Urban Health · doi:10.1007/s11524-012-9691-9 · Cited by 66 · see citing works
“Bisexual 8 (16) 5 (20) 3 (12) Gay/lesbian 1 (2) 0 1 (4) Racial and ethnic group White/Caucasian 36 (72) 18 (72) 18 (72)”
Self-citationThe Cambridge Handbook of Substance and Behavioral Addictions
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Modeling the Prescription Opioid Epidemic
Battista, N., Pearcy, L. B., & Strickland, W. C. (2019) · Bulletin of Mathematical Biology · doi:10.1007/s11538-019-00605-0 · Cited by 62 · see citing works
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“For many opioid users, transition to injection as the preferred route of administration soon follows (Lankenau et al., 2012; Young and Havens, 2012), and injection is an independent risk factor for overdose (Darke and Hall, 2003; Davidson, 1999).”
BackgroundCorrelates of overdose risk perception among illicit opioid users
Rowe, C. L., Santos, G., Behar, E., & Coffin, P. O. (2015) · Drug and Alcohol Dependence · doi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2015.12.018 · Cited by 56 · see citing works
Opioid Consumption Following Foot and Ankle Surgery
Merrill, H., Dean, D. M., Mottla, J. L., Neufeld, S. K., Cuttica, D. J., & Buchanan, M. M. (2018) · Foot & Ankle International · doi:10.1177/1071100718757527 · Cited by 55 · see citing works
“6 years old.(20) Orthopedic surgeons frequently prescribe opioid medications for patients in the postsurgery or postinjury period.”
BackgroundThe Past, Present, and Future of PrEP implementation Among People Who Use Drugs
Biello, K. B., Mimiaga, M. J., Valente, P. K., Saxena, N., & Bazzi, A. R. (2021) · Current HIV/AIDS Reports · doi:10.1007/s11904-021-00556-z · Cited by 56 · see citing works
Access to substance use treatment among young adults who use prescription opioids non-medically
Liebling, E. J., Yedinak, J. L., Green, T. C., Hadland, S. E., Clark, M. A., & Marshall, B. D. L. (2016) · Substance Abuse Treatment Prevention and Policy · doi:10.1186/s13011-016-0082-1 · Cited by 54 · see citing works
Using ICD-10-CM codes to detect illicit substance use: A comparison with retrospective self-report
Rowe, C. L., Santos, G., Kornbluh, W., Bhardwaj, S., Faul, M., & Coffin, P. O. (2021) · Drug and Alcohol Dependence · doi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2021.108537 · Cited by 55 · see citing works
Dynamic model of nonmedical opioid use trajectories and potential policy interventions
Wakeland, W. W., Nielsen, A. E., & Geissert, P. (2015) · The American Journal of Drug and Alcohol Abuse · doi:10.3109/00952990.2015.1043435 · Cited by 53 · see citing works
“While many heroin users first initiated POAs (17,20,21,23,24), this is not always the case.”
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Oxycodone’s Unparalleled Addictive Potential: Is it Time for a Moratorium?
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“…how people obtain these drugs (McCabe, Teter, & Boyd, 2006; Rabiner et al., 2009), specific drug categories (McCabe, Boyd, & Teter, 2009; Rabiner et al., 2009), and different subpopulations of users (Ford & Arrastia, 2008; Lankenau et al., 2012; Teter, Falone, Cranford, Boyd, & McCabe, 2010).”
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Prescription opioid misuse and mental health among young injection drug users
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Epidemiology of Injection Drug Use
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A Population Health Approach to America's Opioid Epidemic
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“While many recent veterans do not utilize the VA, for some veterans, these restrictions may lead them to turn to diverted POs or street drugs to manage their pain when they are unable to secure adequate analgesic medications from their VA doctors (Harocopos, Goldsamt, Kobrak, Jost, & Clatts, 2009; Lankenau et al., 201…”
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“…and often rely only on college student samples or focus on prescription opioids (Arria, Caldeira, Vincent, O’Grady, & Wish, 2008; Daniulaityte, Carlson, & Kenne, 2006; Daniulaityte, Falck, & Carlson, 2012; Lankenau et al., 2012; McCabe, Teter, & Boyd, 2006; Peralta & Steele, 2010; Quintero, 2009).”
The Prevention and Treatment of Gambling Disorders: Some Art, Some Science
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Considering the Overlap and Nonoverlap of Compulsivity, Impulsivity, and Addiction
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Neurobiological Foundations of Behavioral Addictions
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Neurobiology of Substance Addictions
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Sensitization of Incentive Salience and the Transition to Addiction
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Multiple Memory Systems, Addiction, and Health Habits: New Routes for Translational Science
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Tanning as an Addiction: The State of the Research and Implications for Intervention
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Understanding the Etiology of Prescription Opioid Abuse
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“The data presented here, however, are consistent with the findings of Lankenau et al. (2012), and suggest that the gateway-toheroin hypothesis should be reconceptualized as being bidirectional.”
ResultImperio, C. G., McFalls, A. J., Hadad, N., Blanco-Berdugo, L., Masser, D. R., Colechio, E. M., Coffey, A. A., Bixler, G. V., Stanford, D. R., Vrana, K. E., et al. (2018) · Neuropharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.neuropharm.2018.06.037 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
Behavioral Economics and Addictive Disorders
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Prevention and Treatment of Compulsive Buying Disorder
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Blum, K., Roy, A. K., Podesta, A., Modestino, E. J., Steinberg, B., Gondré-Lewis, M. C., Baron, D. A., Thanos, P. K., Lott, L., Badgaiyan, S., et al. (2020) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108632591.031 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
- Authors
- Lankenau, S. E., Teti, M., Silva, K., Bloom, J. J., Harocopos, A., & Treese, M.
- Affiliations
- Drexel University (US)
- University of Missouri (US)
- Children's Hospital Los Angeles (US)
- National Development and Research Institutes (US)
- Corresponding author
- Lankenau, Stephen E.
- Venue
- International Journal of Drug Policy
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2012-01
- Volume
- 23
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 37-44
- ISSN
- 0955-3959 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC3196821
- OpenAlex
- W2128960742
- Cited by
- 440
- References
- 71
- Citations by year
- 2026: 5 · 2025: 17 · 2024: 13 · 2023: 19 · 2022: 22 · 2021: 30 · 2020: 84 · 2019: 46 · 2018: 35 · 2017: 34 · 2016: 33 · 2015: 35 · 2014: 27 · 2013: 27 · 2012: 11
- FWCI
- 20.73
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- International Journal of Drug Policy (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute on Drug Abuse (DA021299)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Opioid Use Disorder Treatment
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Epidemiology › HIV, Drug Use, Sexual Risk
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Epidemiology › Substance Abuse Treatment and Outcomes
- Keywords
- prescription opioid misuse, intravenous drug use, young adults, opioid initiation, heroin use, substance use trajectories, opioid access, drug addiction, opioid overdose, illicit drug use
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Adolescent Behavior, Adult, Age Factors, Analgesics, Opioid, Heroin, Family, Family Health, Female, Humans, Male, Opioid-Related Disorders, New York City, Surveys and Questionnaires, Los Angeles, Substance Abuse, Intravenous, Friends, Prescription Drugs, Young Adult, Drug-Seeking Behavior
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