Nicotine levels in electronic cigarette refill solutions: A comparative analysis of products from the US, Korea, and Poland
Open accessAbstract
Background Electronic cigarettes vaporize nicotine dissolved in glycerine and/or propylene glycol (e-liquid). Due to a lack of regulations, e-liquids may contain inaccurately labelled nicotine levels. Our aim was to test nicotine levels in samples of e-liquids from three countries.Methods We measured nicotine concentration in 32, 29 and 30 e-liquids purchased between 2013 and 2014 from locations in the United States (US), South Korea, and Poland, respectively.Results Nicotine concentration in the US products varied from 0 to 36.6 mg/mL. Traces of nicotine were found in three US products labelled as 'nicotine free'. Two-thirds of South Korean products did not contain detectable amounts of nicotine, whereas nicotine concentration in other products varied from 6.4±0.7 to 150.3±7.9 (labelled as 'pure nicotine') mg/mL. In products from Poland, nicotine concentration varied from 0 to 24.7±0.1 mg/mL. Overall, we found significant discrepancies (>20%) in the labelled nicotine concentrations in 19% of analysed e-liquids.Conclusion Most of the analysed samples had no significant discrepancies in labelled nicotine concentrations and contained low nicotine levels. However some products labelled as 'nicotine-free' had detectable levels of the substance, suggesting insufficient manufacturing quality control. We identified a single product labelled as 'pure nicotine' which contained significantly higher concentration of the drug, increasing the risk of accidental poisoning. The study reveals the need for quality standards of these new nicotine containing products.
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E-cigarettes are marketed as a less harmful alternative to cigarettes and as a smoking cessation aid for nonpregnant smokers.
“these products are marketed as a less harmful alternative to cigarettes and a smoking cessation aid for nonpregnant smokers.6”
From Adverse Birth Outcomes Associated With Prepregnancy and Prenatal Electronic Cigarette Use (2021) · cites this paper as [6]
The Introduction (page not provided) says e-cigarettes were marketed in South Korea as an alternative to conventional cigarettes. It does not say they were marketed as less harmful or as a smoking-cessation aid, or specify nonpregnant smokers. (LLM, conf=0.86)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
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- Authors
- Goniewicz, M. L., Gupta, R., Lee, Y. H., Reinhardt, S., Kim, S., Kim, B., Kosmider, L., & Sobczak, A.
- Affiliations
- Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center (US)
- Soonchunhyang University (KR)
- Institute of Occupational Medicine and Environmental Health (PL)
- Corresponding author
- Goniewicz, Maciej L.
- Venue
- International Journal of Drug Policy
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2015-06
- Volume
- 26
- Issue
- 6
- Pages
- 583-588
- ISSN
- 0955-3959 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC4457636
- OpenAlex
- W2101535259
- Cited by
- 146
- References
- 17
- Citations by year
- 2026: 7 · 2025: 5 · 2024: 2 · 2023: 14 · 2022: 11 · 2021: 26 · 2020: 13 · 2019: 13 · 2018: 18 · 2017: 18 · 2016: 11 · 2015: 7
- FWCI
- 13.25
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- International Journal of Drug Policy (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- Pfizer
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology › Smoking Behavior and Cessation
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Pharmaceutical Quality and Counterfeiting
- Life Sciences › Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics › Toxicology › Forensic Toxicology and Drug Analysis
- Keywords
- electronic cigarettes, e-liquids, nicotine content, nicotine poisoning, product quality control, regulatory standards, cross-national comparison
- MeSH terms
- Humans, Nicotine, Poland, Solutions, United States, Republic of Korea, Electronic Nicotine Delivery Systems
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