Cited by 212Pharmaceutical and Antibiotic Environmental ImpactsEnvironmental Toxicology and EcotoxicologyPesticide and Herbicide Environmental Studies

Toxic Effects of Tetracycline and Its Degradation Products on Freshwater Green Algae

Xu, Dongmei, Xiao, Yingping, Pan, Hua, Mei, Yu·2019·Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety

Abstract

Tetracycline antibiotics are the most widely used antibiotics in the world and the most common veterinary drugs and feed additives used in livestock, poultry and aquaculture operations. Because antibiotics cannot be completely removed by currently existing sewage treatment facilities, these materials enter the environment directly via sewage treatment plant discharge, where they degrade. Accordingly, the metabolism and the ecological toxicity of tetracycline degradation products are worthy of attention. Herein, we investigated the effects of tetracycline and its degradation products (anhydrotetracycline and epitetracycline hydrochloride) on the growth, cell structure and algal cell oxidative stress of common Chlorella vulgaris. The results showed that the 96h-EC 50 values of tetracycline (TC), anhydrotetracycline (ATC) and epitetracycline (ETC) on algal cells were 7.73, 5.96 and 8.42 mg/L, respectively. Moreover, the permeability of algal cells exposed to high concentrations of these three drugs was significantly enhanced. In addition, there were structural changes in the cells such as plasmolysis and starch granule deposition appeared, the thylakoid lamellae in the chloroplasts became blurred and deformed, and the vacuoles became larger. Exposure to higher concentrations (>5 mg/L) of TC and its degradation products ATC and ETC significantly upregulated the activity of ROS, as well as the antioxidants SOD and CAT. The levels of the lipid peroxidation product MDA also showed the same trend. Finally, ATC had the strongest toxicity toward algal cells, followed by TC and then ETC.

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Crossref · 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2019.02.063

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Authors
Xu, D., Xiao, Y., Pan, H., & Mei, Y.
Affiliations
ZheJiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CN)
Corresponding author
Xu, Dongmei
Venue
Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety
Publisher
Elsevier BV
Published
2019-06
Volume
174
Pages
43-47
ISSN
0147-6513 (ISSN-L)
OpenAlex
W2917006278
Cited by
212
References
22
Citations by year
2026: 26 · 2025: 50 · 2024: 41 · 2023: 27 · 2022: 26 · 2021: 19 · 2020: 19 · 2019: 4
FWCI
5.08
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
closed
Locations
  • Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
Funders
  • Natural Science Foundation of Zhejiang Province (LY18B070005)
  • Zhejiang Shuren University
Topics
  • Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Pollution › Pharmaceutical and Antibiotic Environmental Impacts
  • Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis › Environmental Toxicology and Ecotoxicology
  • Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Pollution › Pesticide and Herbicide Environmental Studies
Keywords
tetracycline, anhydrotetracycline, antibiotic degradation products, Chlorella vulgaris, freshwater green algae, algal growth inhibition, oxidative stress, reactive oxygen species, antioxidant enzymes, lipid peroxidation, membrane permeability, plasmolysis, chloroplast ultrastructure
MeSH terms
Anti-Bacterial Agents, Antioxidants, Fresh Water, Tetracycline, Tetracyclines, Lipid Peroxidation, Oxidative Stress, Chlorella vulgaris

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