Active or passive acoustic monitoring? Assessing methods to track anuran communities in tropical savanna wetlands
Open accessAbstract
The development of new acoustic technologies has promoted remarkable advances in biodiversity monitoring. Passive acoustics is increasingly being used in ecological research to remotely assess animal communities. This recent revolution opens new questions about the precision and efficiency of these emerging methods in tracking biodiversity. However, most of the studies evaluating passive monitoring have been applied on temperate regions and in the short term, limiting the understanding of the potential of these techniques and the development of a general framework for survey design. Based on a year-round monitoring of anuran communities at Brazilian savanna wetlands, we examined efficiency of traditional (active searches, AS) and emerging monitoring methods (passive acoustics, PAM) in detecting species at an increasing scale (hours, days, weeks, and months). We determined species richness on 42 active searches and more than 34,000 audio recordings and defined six comparative scenarios (with unequal and equal sampling efforts) in order to explore the combined effect of sampling effort and sampling duration on the species richness detected by these two methods. Using PAM, we estimated higher regional and local richness (14 species per site on average) than AS (8.3 species per site) and detected all anuran species found by AS. Except when sampling effort was highly biased towards AS (single-hour PAM), passive acoustics was able to find more species than AS in all cases. In scenarios with similar sampling effort, differences in observed species richness depended on the temporal distribution of samples. As PAM covered a wider daily and seasonal period, the number of detected species increased, particularly at the most intensive and prolonged sampling (thirty-full-day PAM). Contrary to expectations, we did not record additional species when using AS. Our results provide evidence that passive acoustics is an efficient monitoring technique, offering a higher capacity to detect vocal species in biodiversity surveys than traditional methods, especially when applied in the long term. Sampling scenarios revealed that species detection on monitoring programs is associated with both sampling effort and sampling duration. Thus, due to the potential of PAM to increase these two parameters, this technique can reach better outcomes and be particularly advised for ecological research. These findings can assist researchers in survey design under tropical environments and in determining suitable sampling efforts when applying acoustic monitoring programs.
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The consistent performance of acoustic indices across environments and methods used to extract biological data suggests that indices-based estimates might be generalisable.
“This consistent performance of acoustic indices across environments and methods used to extract biological data suggests that indices‐based estimates might be generalisable and encourages their use as a complementary approach to traditional survey methods (Greenhalgh et al., 2020; Melo et al., 2021).”
From Acoustic indices as proxies for biodiversity: a meta‐analysis (2022) · cites this paper as Melo et al., 2021
The Methods (§2.3) derive species richness by manually inspecting recordings, rather than calculating acoustic indices. The Discussion (§4) mentions indices only in connection with intensive, long-term sampling. Our copy does not assess whether indices perform consistently across environments or ways of extracting biological data, or whether index-based estimates are generalisable. (LLM, conf=0.76)
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- Authors
- Melo, I., Llusia, D., Bastos, R. P., & Signorelli, L.
- Affiliations
- Universidade Federal de Goiás (BR)
- Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (ES)
- Corresponding author
- Melo, Isabella
- Venue
- Ecological Indicators
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2021-12
- Volume
- 132
- Pages
- 108305
- ISSN
- 1470-160X (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W3212568946
- Cited by
- 40
- References
- 72
- Citations by year
- 2026: 7 · 2025: 16 · 2024: 9 · 2023: 4 · 2022: 4
- FWCI
- 1.74
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Ecological Indicators (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Hispana (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- Biblos-e Archivo (Universidad Autónoma de Madrid) (submittedVersion, public-domain)
- Funders
- Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (465610/2014-5)
- Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (441214/2016-9)
- Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de Goiás (201710267000507, 201810267000023)
- Ministério da Ciência, Tecnologia e Inovação
- European Regional Development Fund
- Ministério da Ciência Tecnologia e Inovação
- Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad
- Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia Midas
- Agencia Estatal de Investigación
- Ministerio de Asuntos Económicos y Transformación Digital, Gobierno de España (CGL2017-88764-R)
- Comunidad de Madrid (2020-T1/AMB-20636)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Global and Planetary Change › Amphibian and Reptile Biology
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Ecology › Wildlife Ecology and Conservation
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Developmental Biology › Animal Vocal Communication and Behavior
- Keywords
- passive acoustic monitoring, anuran communities, sampling effort, sampling duration, survey design
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Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
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