The DOI matches its Crossref record; 60 of the 64 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
The impact of online learning on students’ course outcomes: Evidence from a large community and technical college system
Overview
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“In the community college setting, the research of Xu and Jaggars finds that young, Black, male students who were not academically proficient previously are specifically less successful in online environments (Xu & Jaggars, 2013).”
From Online or Face to Face? The Modality of a Learning Strategies Course and Impacts on Grades, GPA, Retention and Persistence for Developmental Students (2026) · cites this paper as Xu & Jaggars, 2013
In the citing paper
“Like Xu and Jaggars (2013), they note that soft skills such as time management, literacy, and independent learning are all necessary to online learning and are not skills which developmental learners typically have mastered.”
From Online or Face to Face? The Modality of a Learning Strategies Course and Impacts on Grades, GPA, Retention and Persistence for Developmental Students (2026) · cites this paper as Xu and Jaggars (2013)
In the citing paper
“In follow up research, Xu and Jaggars (2012) also observed persistence and achievement were negatively correlated in the online format as well.”
From Online or Face to Face? The Modality of a Learning Strategies Course and Impacts on Grades, GPA, Retention and Persistence for Developmental Students (2026) · cites this paper as Xu and Jaggars (2012)
In the citing paper
“As some research indicates that developmental students are more at risk in online learning (Jaggers & Xu, 2010; Xu & Jaggers, 2013)”
From Online or Face to Face? The Modality of a Learning Strategies Course and Impacts on Grades, GPA, Retention and Persistence for Developmental Students (2026) · cites this paper as Xu & Jaggers, 2013
In the citing paper
“Students may need a particular sort of readiness in order to succeed online (Petrides & Nodine, 2005;Xu & Jaggers, 2013)”
From Online or Face to Face? The Modality of a Learning Strategies Course and Impacts on Grades, GPA, Retention and Persistence for Developmental Students (2026) · cites this paper as Xu & Jaggers, 2013
In the citing paper
“particularly in light of Xu and Jagger's research indicating that young Black men are most likely to be unsuccessful in online courses (2013).”
From Online or Face to Face? The Modality of a Learning Strategies Course and Impacts on Grades, GPA, Retention and Persistence for Developmental Students (2026) · cites this paper as Xu and Jagger, 2013
Citations
Cites
(2001) · RePEc: Research Papers in Economics · Cited by 27,577
A Survey of Weak Instruments and Weak Identification in Generalized Method of Moments
Stock, J. H., Wright, J. H., & Yogo, M. (2002) · Journal of Business and Economic Statistics · doi:10.1198/073500102288618658 · Cited by 4,151
Hussar, W. J., Planty, M., Aud, S., & Snyder, T. D. (2005) · Cited by 1,957
Cluster-Sample Methods in Applied Econometrics
Wooldridge, J. M. (2003) · American Economic Review · doi:10.1257/000282803321946930 · Cited by 1,183
A Meta-Analysis of Three Types of Interaction Treatments in Distance Education
Bernard, R. M., Abrami, P. C., Borokhovski, E., Wade, C. A., Tamim, R. M., Surkes, M. A., & Bethel, E. C. (2009) · Review of Educational Research · doi:10.3102/0034654309333844 · Cited by 1,171
Using Geographic Variation in College Proximity to Estimate the Return to Schooling
Card, D. (1993) · National Bureau of Economic Research · doi:10.3386/w4483 · Cited by 1,078
(2000) · The chronicle of higher education · Cited by 761
Democratization or Diversion? The Effect of Community Colleges on Educational Attainment
Rouse, C. E. (1995) · Journal of Business and Economic Statistics · doi:10.1080/07350015.1995.10524596 · Cited by 369
Figlio, D., Rush, M., & Yin, L. (2013) · Journal of Labor Economics · doi:10.1086/669930 · Cited by 367
Iiyoshi, T., & Kumar, M. (2025) · doi:10.21428/93b40405.d6f00e38 · Cited by 343
Research works printed but not linked: 1
- Howell, 2004, Reevaluating course completion in distance education, Quarterly Review of Distance Education, 5, 243
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Xu, D., & Jaggars, S. S. (2014) · The Journal of Higher Education · doi:10.1080/00221546.2014.11777343 · Cited by 568
Self-citationHow do online course design features influence student performance?
Jaggars, S. S., & Xu, D. (2016) · Computers & Education · doi:10.1016/j.compedu.2016.01.014 · Cited by 557
Self-citationVirtual Classrooms: How Online College Courses Affect Student Success
Bettinger, E. P., Fox, L., Loeb, S., & Taylor, E. S. (2017) · American Economic Review · doi:10.1257/aer.20151193 · Cited by 441
Geography of College Opportunity
Hillman, N. (2016) · American Educational Research Journal · doi:10.3102/0002831216653204 · Cited by 264
Vanslambrouck, S., Zhu, C., Lombaerts, K., Philipsen, B., & Tondeur, J. (2017) · The Internet and Higher Education · doi:10.1016/j.iheduc.2017.09.002 · Cited by 252
Metadata
- Authors
- Xu, D., & Jaggars, S. S.
- Affiliations
- Columbia University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Xu, Di
- Venue
- Economics of Education Review
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2013-12
- Volume
- 37
- Pages
- 46-57
- ISSN
- 0272-7757 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2051736478
- Cited by
- 359
- References
- 64
- Citations by year
- 2026: 15 · 2025: 16 · 2024: 35 · 2023: 49 · 2022: 50 · 2021: 56 · 2020: 22 · 2019: 28 · 2018: 21 · 2017: 12 · 2016: 25 · 2015: 20 · 2014: 7 · 2013: 2
- FWCI
- 87.09
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Economics of Education Review (publishedVersion)
- RePEc: Research Papers in Economics (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- Lumina Foundation
- Texas Higher Education Coordinating Board
- Association for Institutional Research
- Washington State University
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Education › Online and Blended Learning
- Social Sciences › Education › Education during COVID-19 pandemic
- Social Sciences › Education › Higher Education Research Studies
- Keywords
- online learning, community colleges, technical colleges, course performance, course grades, travel distance, online course quality, higher education outcomes
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
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