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Cited by 443Online and Blended LearningHigher Education Research StudiesSchool Choice and Performance

Virtual Classrooms: How Online College Courses Affect Student Success

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Bettinger, Eric P., Fox, Lindsay, Loeb, Susanna, Taylor, Eric S.·2017·American Economic Review
DOI 10.1257/aer.20151193
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Abstract

Online college courses are a rapidly expanding feature of higher education, yet little research identifies their effects relative to traditional in-person classes. Using an instrumental variables approach, we find that taking a course online, instead of in-person, reduces student success and progress in college. Grades are lower both for the course taken online and in future courses. Students are less likely to remain enrolled at the university. These estimates are local average treatment effects for students with access to both online and in-person options; for other students, online classes may be the only option for accessing college-level courses. (JEL I23, I26)

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  • Academic preparation (usually measured by G.P.A., SAT score and/or class rank) has been found to be a mediating variable affecting online grades and dropout rates, although it is unclear the extent to which this is any different in online courses than in face-to-face courses.

    “Academic preparation (usually measured by G.P.A., SAT score and/or class rank), has been found to be a mediating variable affecting online grades and dropout rates (Bettinger et al., 2017; Figlio et al., 2013; Gregory, 2016; Harrell & Bower, 2011; Ice et al., 2012; Johnson & Mejia, 2014; Lee & Choi, 2011; Lint, 2013; Ryabov, 2012; Wladis et al., 2016; Xu & Jaggars, 2011a*), although it is unclear”

    From Post-secondary online learning in the U.S.: an integrative review of the literature on undergraduate student characteristics (2022) · cites this paper as Bettinger et al., 2017

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  • Many studies including several high-quality randomized control trials at four-year institutions generally find null to negative effects of online course-taking.

    “Many of these studies-including several high-quality randomized control trials-have looked at four-year institutions, generally finding null to negative effects of online course-taking (Altindag et al., Forthcoming;Bettinger et al., 2017;Figlio et al., 2013;Kofoed et al., 2024;Krieg & Henson, 2016; see Xu & Xu, 2020, for a review).”

    From Online Student Performance Under Synchronous and Asynchronous Instruction in California Community Colleges (2026) · cites this paper as Bettinger et al., 2017

  • Bettinger et al (2017) report that online learning produced lower grades on average and was more likely to negatively impact future enrollment than in-person courses.

    “Bettinger et al (2017) report that online learning produced lower grades on average and was more likely to negatively impact future enrollment than in-person courses.”

    From Post-secondary online learning in the U.S.: an integrative review of the literature on undergraduate student characteristics (2022) · cites this paper as Bettinger et al (2017)

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Authors
Bettinger, E. P., Fox, L., Loeb, S., & Taylor, E. S.
Affiliations
  • Stanford University (US)
  • Mathematica Policy Research (US)
  • Harvard University (US)
ORCID
Venue
American Economic Review
Publisher
American Economic Association
Published
2017-09-01
Volume
107
Issue
9
Pages
2855-2875
ISSN
0002-8282 (ISSN-L)
DOI
10.1257/aer.20151193
OpenAlex
W2751588716
Cited by
441
References
26
Citations by year
2026: 34 · 2025: 34 · 2024: 53 · 2023: 65 · 2022: 88 · 2021: 77 · 2020: 43 · 2019: 29 · 2018: 12 · 2017: 3 · 2016: 3
FWCI
84.72
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Locations
  • American Economic Review (publishedVersion)
  • RePEc: Research Papers in Economics (submittedVersion)
Funders
Institute of Education Sciences (#R305B090016)
Topics
  • Social Sciences › Education › Online and Blended Learning
  • Social Sciences › Education › Higher Education Research Studies
  • Social Sciences › Education › School Choice and Performance
Keywords
online courses, virtual learning environments, student success, college grades, student retention, higher education

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