Cited by 444Musculoskeletal pain and rehabilitationPain Management and Opioid UsePain Mechanisms and Treatments

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Reliability and validity of a modified Brief Pain Inventory short form in patients with osteoarthritis

Mendoza, Tito, Mayne, Tracy, Rublee, Dale, Cleeland, Charles·2006·European Journal of Pain

DOI 10.1016/j.ejpain.2005.06.002

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Abstract

The Brief Pain Inventory short form (BPI‐sf) is a validated, widely used, self‐administered questionnaire developed to assess the severity of pain and the impact of pain on daily functions. A modified version was used daily in randomised control trials of patients with arthritis undergoing treatment with cyclooxygenase‐2 specific inhibitors and non‐steroidal anti‐inflammatory drugs. Results indicate that the modified BPI‐sf, much like the original scale, was internally reliable, consistent over time, and had good construct, as well as convergent and predictive validity in assessment of patients suffering from conditions of chronic pain. Each scale and individual pain intensity item refers to changes in osteoarthritis pain associated with medication use. The modified BPI‐sf, like the parent scale, is a valid and reliable tool for situations in which pain is assessed daily and minimises the burden placed on patients to record information necessary for scientific investigations.

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Background
Brief Pain Inventory review
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Method
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Background
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Method
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Background
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Background
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Method
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Background
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Method
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Background
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“The use of patient-reported outcomes for assessment of functional improvement is valid and consistent based on results assessed by the BPI-Short Form, 20 the WOMAC, 22 the FACT-G, 23,24 and the Score for the Modiﬁed Assessment and Quantiﬁcation of Chronic Rheumatoid Affections of the Hands.”
The measurement of pain in patients with trigeminal neuralgia.
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Delirium During Acute Illness in Nursing Home Residents
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One, Two, or Three? Constructs of the Brief Pain Inventory Among Patients With Non-Cancer Pain in the Outpatient Setting
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The PICO project: aquatic exercise for knee osteoarthritis in overweight and obese individuals
Yázigi, F., Espanha, M., Vieira, F. S., Messier, S. P., Monteiro, C. P., & Veloso, A. (2013) · BMC Musculoskeletal Disorders · doi:10.1186/1471-2474-14-320 · Cited by 50
“It is a widely used, reliable, valid instrument that assesses pain history, location, intensity and its interference with daily activities in individuals with osteoarthritis [82].”
Significant improvements in pain after a six-week physiotherapist-led exercise and education intervention, in patients with osteoarthritis awaiting arthroplasty, in South Africa: a randomised controlled trial
Saw, M., Kruger-Jakins, T., Edries, N., & Parker, R. (2016) · BMC Musculoskeletal Disorders · doi:10.1186/s12891-016-1088-6 · Cited by 48
“Since pain was the primary outcome measure in this study; a change in pain severity was selected to determine the required sample size using Brief Pain Inventory (BPI) data from a previous study on pain in people with OA [35].”
BackgroundMethod
Chronic postsurgical pain in the Evaluation of Nitrous Oxide in the Gas Mixture for Anaesthesia (ENIGMA)-II trial
Chan, M. T. V., Peyton, P. J., Myles, P. S., Leslie, K., Buckley, N., Kasza, J., Paech, M. J., Beattie, W. S., Sessler, D. I., Forbes, A. B., et al. (2016) · British Journal of Anaesthesia · doi:10.1093/bja/aew338 · Cited by 48
Research Reporting Standards for Image-guided Ablation of Bone and Soft Tissue Tumors
Callstrom, M. R., York, J. D., Gaba, R. C., Gemmete, J. J., Gervais, D. A., Millward, S. F., Brown, D. B., Dupuy, D. E., Goldberg, S. N., Kundu, S., et al. (2009) · Journal of Vascular and Interventional Radiology · doi:10.1016/j.jvir.2009.08.009 · Cited by 47
Patients´ Experiences of Pain Following Day Surgery - At 48 Hours, Seven Days and Three Months
Rosén, H., Bergh, I. H., Odén, A., & Mårtensson, L. B. (2011) · The Open Nursing Journal · doi:10.2174/1874434601105010052 · Cited by 46
“The BPI-SF has shown both good criterion validity and internal consistency [33].”
Validity, Reliability, and Responsiveness of the Brief Pain Inventory in Inflammatory Bowel Disease
Jelsness‐Jørgensen, L., Moum, B. A., Grimstad, T. B., Jahnsen, J., Opheim, R., Berset, I. P., Hovde, Ø., Torp, R., Frigstad, S. O., Huppertz‐Hauss, G., et al. (2016) · Canadian Journal of Gastroenterology and Hepatology · doi:10.1155/2016/5624261 · Cited by 45
“…developed in cancer treatment [10] and has been translated to several languages and validated as well [9, 11–14], but it has also been tested and used in nonmalignant conditions, such as osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, multiple sclerosis, diabetic neuropathy, and low back pain [15–19].”
Patient- and Caregiver-Reported Burden of Transfusion-Dependent β-Thalassemia Measured Using a Digital Application
Paramore, C., Levine, L. M., Bagshaw, E., Ouyang, C., Kudlac, A., & Larkin, M. (2020) · Patient · doi:10.1007/s40271-020-00473-0 · Cited by 46
Expert consensus recommendations for the diagnosis and treatment of chronic non-bacterial osteitis (CNO) in adults
Winter, E. M., Dekkers, O. M., Andreasen, C. M., D’Angelo, S., Appelman‐Dijkstra, N. M., Appenzeller, S., Assmann, G., Bubbear, J. S., Bulaicon, O. O., Chapurlat, R. D., et al. (2025) · Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases · doi:10.1136/ard-2024-226446 · Cited by 45
“54 55 3.”
Social Factors, Disability, and Depressive Symptoms in Adults With Chronic Pain
Solé, E., Racine, M., Tomé‐Pires, C., Galán, S., Jensen, M. P., & Miró, J. (2020) · Clinical Journal of Pain · doi:10.1097/ajp.0000000000000815 · Cited by 53
Determinants of impaired quality of life in patients with fibrous dysplasia
Majoor, B. C. J., Andela, C. D., Bruggemann, J., van de Sande, M. A. J., Kaptein, A. A., Hamdy, N. A. T., Dijkstra, P. D. S., & Appelman‐Dijkstra, N. M. (2017) · Orphanet Journal of Rare Diseases · doi:10.1186/s13023-017-0629-x · Cited by 44
Myofascial trigger point needling for whiplash associated pain – A feasibility study
Tough, E. A., White, A. R., Richards, S. H., & Campbell, J. L. (2010) · Manual Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.math.2010.05.010 · Cited by 43
“The Short-Form McGill Pain Questionnaire (SF-McGill) (Melzack, 1987); the Neck Disability Index (NDI) (Vernon and Mior, 1991; Vernon, 2000); the modified Brief Pain Inventory short-form (m-BPI-sf) (Mendoza et al., 2006); and the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale Anxiety sub-scale (HADS-A)(Snaith, 2003).”
Method
Can we improve pain and sleep in elderly individuals with transcranial direct current stimulation? – Results from a randomized controlled pilot study
Harvey, M.-P., Lorrain, D., Martel, M., Bergeron-Vézina, K., Houde, F., Seguin, M., & Léonard, G. (2017) · Clinical Interventions in Aging · doi:10.2147/cia.s133423 · Cited by 42
Evaluation of a multisite telehealth group model for persistent pain management for rural/remote participants
Scriven, H., Doherty, D., & Ward, E. (2019) · Rural and Remote Health · doi:10.22605/rrh4710 · Cited by 41
Temporal summation of mechanical pain prospectively predicts movement-evoked pain severity in adults with chronic low back pain
Overstreet, D. S., Michl, A. N., Penn, T. M., Rumble, D., Aroke, E. N., Sims, A., King, A. L., Hasan, F. N., Quinn, T. L., Long, D. L., et al. (2021) · BMC Musculoskeletal Disorders · doi:10.1186/s12891-021-04306-5 · Cited by 44
“Participants also completed the Brief Pain Inventory – Short Form (BPI-SF, described in greater detail below), which is a validated questionnaire of self-reported pain severity and interference [25].”
BackgroundMethod
The relationship between chronic musculoskeletal pain, anxiety and mindfulness: adjustments to the fear-avoidance model of chronic pain
Curtin, K. B., & Norris, D. (2017) · Scandinavian Journal of Pain · doi:10.1016/j.sjpain.2017.08.006 · Cited by 40
Mediators and moderators of chronic pain outcomes in an online self-management program.
DasMahapatra, P., Chiauzzi, E., Pujol, L. M., Los, C., & Trudeau, K. J. (2015) · The Clinical Journal of Pain · doi:10.1097/ajp.0000000000000125 · Cited by 40
The feasibility and effectiveness of virtual reality meditation on reducing chronic pain for older adults with knee osteoarthritis
Sarkar, T. D., Edwards, R. R., & Baker, N. A. (2022) · Pain Practice · doi:10.1111/papr.13144 · Cited by 39
“We used the Brief Pain Inventory- Short Form (BPI- SF) to measure each participant's pain intensity and pain interference levels over the past 24 h.(23) Knee and overall body pain intensities were measured immediately prior to the VR intervention, immediately postintervention, and at follow- up (24– 48 h after the int…”
Method
Measuring pain in patients undergoing hemodialysis: a review of pain assessment tools
Upadhyay, C., Cameron, K., Murphy, L. L., & Battistella, M. (2014) · Clinical Kidney Journal · doi:10.1093/ckj/sfu067 · Cited by 39
“It has also shown responsiveness in detecting improvement with analgesic use [40].”
Background
Cancer pain in Jordan: prevalence and adequacy of treatment
Qadire, M. I. A., Tubaishat, A., & Aljezawi, M. (2013) · International Journal of Palliative Nursing · doi:10.12968/ijpn.2013.19.3.125 · Cited by 38
The Incidence and Severity of Physical Pain Symptoms in Marfan Syndrome
Nelson, A. M., Walega, D. R., & McCarthy, R. J. (2015) · Clinical Journal of Pain · doi:10.1097/ajp.0000000000000202 · Cited by 38
Individuals with Chronic Pain Who Misuse Prescription Opioids Report Sex-Based Differences in Pain and Opioid Withdrawal
Huhn, A. S., Tompkins, D. A., Campbell, C. M., & Dunn, K. E. (2018) · Pain Medicine · doi:10.1093/pm/pny295 · Cited by 39
“tionship between pain catastrophizing and self-reported worst pain assessed by the Brief Pain Inventory (BPI) [18], given that pain catastrophizing is defined by exaggerated emotional responses to pain and worst pain is de-”
Method
Pain Impacts on Quality of Life and Interferes with Treatment in Adults with Cystic Fibrosis
Kelemen, L., Lee, A. L., Button, B., Presnell, S., Wilson, J. W., & Holland, A. E. (2011) · Physiotherapy Research International · doi:10.1002/pri.524 · Cited by 40
Rotator cuff-related shoulder pain: does the type of exercise influence the outcomes? Protocol of a randomised controlled trial
Dubé, M.-O., Desmeules, F., Lewis, J. S., & Roy, J. (2020) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2020-039976 · Cited by 36
Health Behavior Change Counseling in Surgery for Degenerative Lumbar Spinal Stenosis. Part I: Improvement in Rehabilitation Engagement and Functional Outcomes
Skolasky, R. L., Maggard, A. M., Li, D., Riley, L. H., & Wegener, S. T. (2015) · Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation · doi:10.1016/j.apmr.2015.03.009 · Cited by 37
Pain in patients with borderline personality disorder
Biskin, R. S., Frankenburg, F. R., Fitzmaurice, G. M., & Zanarini, M. C. (2014) · Personality and Mental Health · doi:10.1002/pmh.1265 · Cited by 37
Pain management and pain characteristics in obese and normal weight patients before joint replacement
Thomazeau, J., Perin, J., Nizard, R., Bouhassira, D., Collin, E., Nguyen, E., Perrot, S., Bergmann, J., & Lloret‐Linares, C. (2014) · Journal of Evaluation in Clinical Practice · doi:10.1111/jep.12176 · Cited by 36
“The BPI is a self-administered questionnaire developed to assess pain and its consequences [16].”
Background
Symptoms, Cytokines, and Quality of Life in Patients Diagnosed With Chronic Graft-Versus-Host Disease Following Allogeneic Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation
Kelly, D. L., Lyon, D., Ameringer, S., & Elswick, R. K. (2015) · Oncology nursing forum · doi:10.1188/15.onf.265-275 · Cited by 34
Comparative Associations of Working Memory and Pain Catastrophizing With Chronic Low Back Pain Intensity
Simon, C. B., Lentz, T. A., Bishop, M. D., Riley, J. L., Fillingim, R. B., & George, S. Z. (2016) · Physical Therapy · doi:10.2522/ptj.20150335 · Cited by 35
Pain-related beliefs, cognitive processes, and electroencephalography band power as predictors and mediators of the effects of psychological chronic pain interventions
Jensen, M. P., Hakimian, S., Ehde, D. M., Day, M. A., Pettet, M. W., Yoshino, A., & Ciol, M. A. (2021) · Pain · doi:10.1097/j.pain.0000000000002201 · Cited by 37
“” ThePain Interference Scale of the BPI has a great deal of evidence supporting its reliability and validity as a measure of pain interference in a variety of chronic pain populations.(55,56,75) The Cronbach’s alpha of the BPI Pain Interference Scale in the current sample at pretreatment was 0.”
Background
Opioid treatment and hypoalbuminemia are associated with increased hospitalisation rates in chronic pancreatitis outpatients
Olesen, S. S., Poulsen, J. L., Broberg, M., Madzak, A., & Drewes, A. M. (2016) · Pancreatology · doi:10.1016/j.pan.2016.06.004 · Cited by 35
“Hence, in our study a pain questionnaire designed and validated for chronic pain assessment (mBPI-sf) was used and the pain pattern profiles were constructed based on the patients report of worst, least and average pain [11,15].”
Method
Platelet-Rich Plasma in Orthopaedic Surgery
Wang, D., & Rodeo, S. A. (2017) · JBJS Reviews · doi:10.2106/jbjs.rvw.17.00024 · Cited by 34
A Paradigm Shift for Movement-based Pain Assessment in Older Adults: Practice, Policy and Regulatory Drivers
Booker, S. Q., Herr, K., & Horgas, A. L. (2020) · Pain Management Nursing · doi:10.1016/j.pmn.2020.08.003 · Cited by 35
Rationale for and Development of the Pancreatic Quantitative Sensory Testing Consortium to Study Pain in Chronic Pancreatitis
Phillips, A. E., Faghih, M., Singh, V. K., Olesen, S. S., Kuhlmann, L., Novovic, S., Bick, B. L., Hart, P. A., Ramsey, M. L., Talukdar, R., et al. (2021) · Pancreas · doi:10.1097/mpa.0000000000001912 · Cited by 34
“The European Organization for the Research and Treatment of Cancer Quality of Life Questionnaire is used to evaluate quality of life.23,24 Pain severity and its interference with daily activities are measured using the modified Brief Pain Inventory Short Form.25,26 The Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scales are used t…”
Method
Geriatric Pain Measure Short Form: Development and Initial Evaluation
Blozik, E., Stuck, A. E., Niemann, S., Ferrell, B. A., Harari, D., Renteln-Kruse, W. V., Gillmann, G., Beck, J. C., & Clough‐Gorr, K. M. (2007) · Journal of the American Geriatrics Society · doi:10.1111/j.1532-5415.2007.01474.x · Cited by 34
Prolonged-release Oxycodone/Naloxone in Postoperative Pain Management: From a Randomized Clinical Trial to Usual Clinical Practice
Kuusniemi, K., Zöllner, J., Sjövall, S., Huhtala, J., Karjalainen, P. A., Kokki, M., Lemken, J., Oppermann, J., & Kokki, H. J. (2012) · Journal of International Medical Research · doi:10.1177/030006051204000516 · Cited by 34
Lack of association between breast reconstructive surgery and the development of chronic pain after mastectomy: a propensity matched retrospective cohort analysis.
Oliveira, G. D. D., Bialek, J. M., Nicosia, L., McCarthy, R., Chang, R., Fitzgerald, P., & Kim, J. Y. S. (2014) · Breast · doi:10.1016/j.breast.2014.01.003 · Cited by 30
“Subjects responded to the modified short form Brief Pain Inventory and the short form McGill pain questionnaire to identify and characterize subjects’ pain [17,18].”
Method
In-Clinic Use of Electronic Pain Diaries: Barriers of Implementation Among Pain Physicians
Marceau, L. D., Link, C. L., Smith, L. D., Carolan, S., & Jamison, R. N. (2010) · Journal of Pain and Symptom Management · doi:10.1016/j.jpainsymman.2009.12.021 · Cited by 32
Further Validation of a Portuguese Version of the Brief Pain Inventory Interference Scale
Ferreira-Valente, A., Ribeiro, J. L. P., & Jensen, M. P. (2012) · Clínica y Salud · doi:10.5093/cl2012a6 · Cited by 31
“Consistent with previous research anxiety (FerreiraValente, Pais-Ribeiro, & Jensen, 2011; Keller et al., 2004; Mendoza et al., 2006; Osborne et al., 2006; Poulos et al., 2001; Radbruch et al., 1999; Raichle et al., 2006), pain interference is strongly correlated with pain intensity, physical and…”
Result
Longitudinal analysis of pain and illicit drug use behaviors in outpatients on methadone maintenance
Dhingra, L. K., Perlman, D. C., Masson, C. L., Chen, J., McKnight, C. A., Jordan, A. E., Wasser, T., Portenoy, R. K., & Cheatle, M. D. (2015) · Drug and Alcohol Dependence · doi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2015.02.007 · Cited by 31
Validity and reliability of the short form brief pain inventory in older adults with nociceptive, neuropathic and nociplastic pain
Ferreira, A. C. L., Pereira, D. S., da Silva, S. L. A., Carvalho, G. A., & Pereira, L. S. M. (2023) · Geriatric Nursing · doi:10.1016/j.gerinurse.2023.04.011 · Cited by 33
Dexamethasone and persistent wound pain: a prespecified analysis of the randomised Perioperative Administration of Dexamethasone and Infection (PADDI) trial
Corcoran, T. B., Martin, C., O’Loughlin, E., Ho, K. M., Chan, M. T. V., Forbes, A. B., Leslie, K., & Myles, P. S. (2023) · British Journal of Anaesthesia · doi:10.1016/j.bja.2023.03.031 · Cited by 32
Adverse cognitive effect of gabapentin in individuals with spinal cord injury: preliminary findings
Shem, K. L., Barncord, S. W., Flavin, K., & Mohan, M. (2018) · Spinal Cord Series and Cases · doi:10.1038/s41394-018-0038-y · Cited by 30

Authors: Mendoza, T., Mayne, T., Rublee, D., & Cleeland, C.
Affiliations: The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center (US)
Pfizer (United States) (US)
Corresponding author: Mendoza, Tito
ORCID: Mendoza, Tito
Mayne, Tracy
Cleeland, Charles
Venue: European Journal of Pain
Publisher: Wiley
Published: 2006-05
Volume: 10
Issue: 4
Pages: 353-353
ISSN: 1090-3801 (ISSN-L)
1532-2149
DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpain.2005.06.002
OpenAlex: W2152763689
Cited by: 444
References: 42
Citations by year: 2026: 31 · 2025: 34 · 2024: 48 · 2023: 36 · 2022: 32 · 2021: 35 · 2020: 27 · 2019: 25 · 2018: 15 · 2017: 27 · 2016: 19 · 2015: 16 · 2014: 19 · 2013: 17 · 2012: 18
FWCI: 3.16
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Licence: onlinelibrary.wiley.com/termsAndConditions#vor (vor, 2081 d)
Locations: European Journal of Pain (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Funders: Pfizer Pharmaceuticals
Topics: Health Sciences › Health Professions › Physical Therapy, Sports Therapy and Rehabilitation › Musculoskeletal pain and rehabilitation
Health Sciences › Medicine › Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine › Pain Management and Opioid Use
Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology (medical) › Pain Mechanisms and Treatments
Keywords: Brief Pain Inventory-Short Form, osteoarthritis, pain assessment, questionnaire reliability, construct validity, convergent validity, predictive validity, COX-2 inhibitors, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, chronic pain
MeSH terms: Adult, Aged, Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal, Chronic Disease, Data Interpretation, Statistical, Female, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Osteoarthritis, Pain, Pain Measurement, Surveys and Questionnaires, Reproducibility of Results, Treatment Outcome, Cyclooxygenase 2 Inhibitors

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Reliability and validity of a modified Brief Pain Inventory short form in patients with osteoarthritis

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