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Psychostimulants affect dopamine transmission through both dopamine transporter-dependent and independent mechanisms

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dela Peña, Ike, Gevorkiana, Ruzanna, Shi, Wei-Xing·2015·European Journal of Pharmacology
DOI 10.1016/j.ejphar.2015.07.044PMC PMC4600454
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Abstract

The precise mechanisms by which cocaine and amphetamine-like psychostimulants exert their reinforcing effects are not yet fully defined. It is widely believed, however, that these drugs produce their effects by enhancing dopamine neurotransmission in the brain, especially in limbic areas such as the nucleus accumbens, by inducing dopamine transporter-mediated reverse transport and/or blocking dopamine reuptake though the dopamine transporter. Here, we present the evidence that aside from dopamine transporter, non-dopamine transporter-mediated mechanisms also participate in psychostimulant-induced dopamine release and contribute to the behavioral effects of these drugs, such as locomotor activation and reward. Accordingly, psychostimulants could increase norepinephrine release in the prefrontal cortex, the latter then alters the firing pattern of dopamine neurons resulting in changes in action potential-dependent dopamine release. These alterations would further affect the temporal pattern of dopamine release in the nucleus accumbens, thereby modifying information processing in that area. Hence, a synaptic input to a nucleus accumbens neuron may be enhanced or inhibited by dopamine depending on its temporal relationship to dopamine release. Specific temporal patterns of dopamine release may also be required for certain forms of synaptic plasticity in the nucleus accumbens. Together, these effects induced by psychostimulants, mediated through a non-dopamine transporter-mediated mechanism involving norepinephrine and the prefrontal cortex, may also contribute importantly to the reinforcing properties of these drugs.

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  • For college students with ADHD who have difficulties with attention and neuropsychological deficits due to dopamine deficits, stimulant medication helps by increasing dopamine to typical levels.

    “For college students with ADHD who have difficulties with attention and neuropsychological deficits (NPDs; e.g., difficulties with EFs) due to dopamine deficits, stimulant medication helps these students by increasing dopamine to typical levels (Arnsten, 2006; Dela Peña et al., 2015; Willcutt, 2015).”

    From Effects of stimulant medication on neuropsychological functioning in college students without ADHD. (2026) · cites this paper as Dela Peña et al., 2015

    The Introduction (section 2; page unavailable) says psychostimulants, including methylphenidate, increase brain dopamine levels and enhance dopamine transmission. It does not establish that college students with ADHD have dopamine deficits or that stimulant medication raises their dopamine to typical levels and thereby improves attention or executive-function difficulties. (LLM, conf=0.88)

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Authors
dela Peña, I., Gevorkiana, R., & Shi, W.-X.
Affiliations
Loma Linda University (US)
Corresponding author
Shi, Wei-Xing
ORCID
Shi, Wei-Xing
Venue
European Journal of Pharmacology
Publisher
Elsevier BV
Published
2015-10
Volume
764
Pages
562-570
ISSN
0014-2999 (ISSN-L)
DOI
10.1016/j.ejphar.2015.07.044
PMC
PMC4600454
OpenAlex
W941716110
Cited by
116
References
6
Citations by year
2026: 9 · 2025: 17 · 2024: 12 · 2023: 8 · 2022: 12 · 2021: 15 · 2020: 10 · 2019: 9 · 2018: 15 · 2017: 6 · 2016: 2 · 2015: 1
FWCI
0.96
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Licence
Locations
  • European Journal of Pharmacology (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
  • The Scholars Repository - LLU (Loma Linda University) (submittedVersion)
Funders
  • Loma Linda University
  • National Institute on Drug Abuse (DA032857)
  • National Institutes of Health
Topics
  • Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Neurotransmitter Receptor Influence on Behavior
  • Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Neuroscience and Neuropharmacology Research
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Neurology › Parkinson's Disease Mechanisms and Treatments
Keywords
psychostimulants, cocaine, amphetamine, dopamine release, dopamine transporter, dopamine reuptake, norepinephrine, prefrontal cortex, nucleus accumbens, locomotor activation, reward, synaptic plasticity, dopaminergic neurons
MeSH terms
Action Potentials, Amphetamine, Central Nervous System Stimulants, Animals, Brain, Cocaine, Dopamine, Humans, Kinetics, Neuronal Plasticity, Norepinephrine, Nucleus Accumbens, Prefrontal Cortex, Dopamine Plasma Membrane Transport Proteins, Dopaminergic Neurons, Adrenergic Neurons

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