Organic cation transporter and multidrug and toxin extrusion 1 co-mediated interaction between metformin and berberine
Abstract
Metformin and berberine are often combined for treating diabetes. In the present study, we evaluated the drug-drug pharmacokinetic interaction between metformin and berberine after oral co-administration in vivo and the underlying mechanism. As revealed by comparison with the metformin-only group, berberine significantly decreased the maximum plasma concentration (C max), area under the curve from 0 to 4 h (AUC 0-4h), and urinary and bile excretion, and increased the kidney tissue concentration of metformin in rats. The non-everted intestinal sac study showed that berberine inhibited the absorption of metformin, and in transfected Madin-Darby canine kidney (MDCK)-rat organic cation transporter 1 (MDCK-rOCT1), MDCK-rat organic cation transporter 2 (MDCK-rOCT2), and MDCK-rat multidrug and toxin extrusion 1 (MDCK-rMATE1) cells, berberine significantly inhibited metformin transport mediated by OCT1, OCT2, and MATE1 in a concentration-dependent manner with half-maximal inhibitory concentration (IC 50) values of 18.8, 1.02, and 10.7 μM, respectively. In contrast, co-administration of metformin increased the C max and AUC 0-4h of berberine with no significant difference in pharmacokinetics parameters between co-administration and berberine-only groups. Furthermore, metformin increased kidney and liver concentrations and reduced the urinary and biliary excretion of berberine. Metformin (≥1 or ≥0.3 mM) decreased berberine transport in MDCK-rOCT1, MDCK-rOCT2, and MDCK-rMATE1 cells. However, metformin did not affect berberine concentration in MDCK-multidrug resistance protein 1 cells. These results suggest that the combination of metformin and berberine induced a pharmacokinetic interaction by cooperatively inhibiting OCT and MATE1-mediated transport.
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Berberine modulates P-glycoprotein, OCT1/OCT2, and MATE1.
“transporter modulation (P-glycoprotein, OCT1/OCT2, and MATE1)”
From Berberine-Drug Interactions: Mechanisms, Clinical Relevance and Risk Stratification-A Narrative Review (2026) · cites this paper as [65]
Berberine competes with cationic drugs eliminated by the same route.
“This dependence on organic cation transporters explains why berberine competes with cationic drugs eliminated by the same route [37,65].”
From Berberine-Drug Interactions: Mechanisms, Clinical Relevance and Risk Stratification-A Narrative Review (2026) · cites this paper as [65]
Berberine has a bidirectional interaction with metformin, a prototypical substrate of OCT/MATE transporters.
“This mechanism underlies a bidirectional interaction with metformin, a prototypical substrate of these transporters.”
From Berberine-Drug Interactions: Mechanisms, Clinical Relevance and Risk Stratification-A Narrative Review (2026) · cites this paper as [65]
OCT1 inhibition by berberine has not been tested directly and remains a mechanistic possibility rather than a documented interaction.
“It has not been tested directly, and we keep it here as a mechanistic possibility rather than a documented interaction [65,82].”
From Berberine-Drug Interactions: Mechanisms, Clinical Relevance and Risk Stratification-A Narrative Review (2026) · cites this paper as [65]
The net effect on a victim depends on the location of the affected transporter (absorption versus elimination) and cannot be predicted from in vitro inhibitory potency alone.
“The interaction illustrates an important principle: the net effect on a victim depends on the location of the affected transporter (absorption versus elimination) and cannot be predicted from in vitro inhibitory potency alone [64,65].”
From Berberine-Drug Interactions: Mechanisms, Clinical Relevance and Risk Stratification-A Narrative Review (2026) · cites this paper as [65]
Berberine inhibits OCT1, OCT2 and MATE1 in a concentration-dependent manner, with half-maximal inhibitory concentrations of 18.8, 1.02 and 10.7 μM, respectively.
“At the level of organic cation transporters, berberine inhibits OCT1, OCT2 and MATE1 in a concentration-dependent manner, with half-maximal inhibitory concentrations of 18.8, 1.02 and 10.7 µM, respectively [65].”
From Berberine-Drug Interactions: Mechanisms, Clinical Relevance and Risk Stratification-A Narrative Review (2026) · cites this paper as [65]
In in vivo models, berberine reduced the peak plasma concentration and exposure of metformin and increased its renal accumulation through inhibition of OCT/MATE-mediated transport.
“In in vivo models, berberine reduced the peak plasma concentration and exposure of metformin and increased its renal accumulation, through inhibition of OCT/MATE-mediated transport [65].”
From Berberine-Drug Interactions: Mechanisms, Clinical Relevance and Risk Stratification-A Narrative Review (2026) · cites this paper as [65]
Low systemic exposure to berberine coexists with high local concentrations that inhibit CYP3A4/CYP2D6/CYP2C9, can induce CYP3A4 transcriptionally, and modulate P-glycoprotein and organic cation transporters.
“Low systemic exposure coexists with high local concentrations that inhibit CYP3A4/CYP2D6/CYP2C9, and can even induce CYP3A4 transcriptionally, and that modulate P-glycoprotein and organic cation transporters [35,59,65]”
From Berberine-Drug Interactions: Mechanisms, Clinical Relevance and Risk Stratification-A Narrative Review (2026) · cites this paper as [65]
The third theoretical dimension is nutritional: reduced caloric intake under GLP-1 therapy can coexist with micronutrient deficiencies that berberine might accentuate through transporter modulation.
“The third is nutritional: reduced caloric intake under GLP-1 therapy can coexist with micronutrient deficiencies [121,122] that berberine might accentuate through transporter modulation [65,121].”
From Berberine-Drug Interactions: Mechanisms, Clinical Relevance and Risk Stratification-A Narrative Review (2026) · cites this paper as [65]
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“At the level of organic cation transporters, berberine inhibits OCT1, OCT2 and MATE1 in a concentration-dependent manner, with half-maximal inhibitory concentrations of 18.8, 1.02 and 10.7 µ M, respectively [65].”
Influential
- Authors
- Shi, R., Xu, Z., Xu, X., Jin, J., Zhao, Y., Wang, T., Li, Y., & Ma, Y.
- Affiliations
- Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine (CN)
- Corresponding author
- Ma, Yueming
- Venue
- European Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2019-01
- Volume
- 127
- Pages
- 282-290
- ISSN
- 0928-0987 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2901166640
- Cited by
- 25
- References
- 44
- Citations by year
- 2026: 2 · 2025: 2 · 2024: 4 · 2023: 2 · 2022: 6 · 2021: 4 · 2020: 4 · 2019: 1
- FWCI
- 0.85
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- European Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Natural Science Foundation of China (81303296, 81273658)
- Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine (A1-182040225)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Oncology › Drug Transport and Resistance Mechanisms
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Pharmacology › Berberine and alkaloids research
- Life Sciences › Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics › Pharmacology › Pharmacogenetics and Drug Metabolism
- Keywords
- metformin, berberine, drug-drug interactions, pharmacokinetic interactions, OCT1, organic cation transporter 2, MATE1, intestinal absorption inhibition, renal excretion, biliary excretion, diabetes treatment, transporter inhibition
- MeSH terms
- Organic Cation Transporter 2, Adipose Tissue, Animals, Berberine, Dogs, Drug Interactions, Female, Hypoglycemic Agents, Intestinal Mucosa, Kidney, Liver, Male, Metformin, Rats, Sprague-Dawley, Antiporters, Muscle, Skeletal, Organic Cation Transport Proteins, Catecholamine Plasma Membrane Transport Proteins, Madin Darby Canine Kidney Cells
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