Student or educator? Sign up with your school email and get 6 months of Pro free.
CoChat
Sign Up
Cited by 886

The DOI matches its Crossref record; 190 of the 190 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.

On the sustainability of lithium ion battery industry – A review and perspective

Yang, Yue, Okonkwo, Emenike G., Huang, Guoyong, Xu, Shengming, Sun, Wei, He, Yinghe·2021·Energy Storage Materials
DOI 10.1016/j.ensm.2020.12.019
Open this paper in CoChat — free account

Abstract

Abstract The consumption of rechargeable batteries has been increasing rapidly. High demand on specific metals for battery manufacturing and environmental impacts from battery disposal make it essential to recycle and retrieve materials from the spent batteries. There have been some review articles on battery recycling, mostly on the technologies for the materials recovery and some on life cycle assessment (LCA). To develop a truly sustainable battery industry, however, battery recycling must be commercially viable. Yet, very limited information on the economics of battery recycling is available. This paper examines technologies and research efforts in battery recycling from the perspective of economic viability and life cycle inventory. With the support of up-to-date statistics, the paper also comments on the challenges facing battery recycling, and the role of battery design and circular economy in the sustainable development of battery industry where governments, manufacturers and consumers all play a part.

Overview

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

A few free checks a day · papers already verified open instantly · results are public

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1016/j.ensm.2020.12.019

Cites

190 of 190 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Verification

Claims the paper makes

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

A few free checks a day · papers already verified open instantly · results are public

Self-check

Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.

The self-check needs the paper’s full text.

Citations

Cites

Show all 190 references

Research works printed but not linked: 26

  1. OECD. OECD Green Growth Studies: Energy. 2011. 10.1787/9789264115118-en. · DOI
  2. Faegh, 2018, Understanding the dynamics of primary Zn-MnO 2 alkaline battery gassing with operando visualization and pressure cells, J. Electrochem. Soc., 165, A2528, 10.1149/2.0321811jes · doi:10.1149/2.0321811jes
  3. Yu, 2013, Flexible fiber-type zinc-carbon battery based on carbon fiber electrodes, Nano Energy, 2, 1242, 10.1016/j.nanoen.2013.06.002 · doi:10.1016/j.nanoen.2013.06.002
  4. U.S. Geological Survey. Mineral commodity symmaries 2019. 2019. 10.3133/70202434. · DOI · Paper page
  5. Zhou, 2018, Regeneration of LiNi0.5Co0.2Mn0.3O2 cathode material from spent lithium-ion batteries, Electrochim. Acta, 291, 142, 10.1016/j.electacta.2018.08.134 · doi:10.1016/j.electacta.2018.08.134
  6. Qi, 2020, A novel and efficient ammonia leaching method for recycling waste lithium ion batteries, J. Clean. Prod., 251, 1, 10.1016/j.jclepro.2019.119665 · doi:10.1016/j.jclepro.2019.119665
  7. Prabaharan, 2017, Electrochemical process for electrode material of spent lithium ion batteries, Waste Manag., 68, 527, 10.1016/j.wasman.2017.07.007 · doi:10.1016/j.wasman.2017.07.007
  8. Idris, 2010, Recovery of nickel from spent catalyst from palm oil hydrogenation process using acidic solutions, J. Ind. Eng. Chem., 16, 251, 10.1016/j.jiec.2010.01.044 · doi:10.1016/j.jiec.2010.01.044
  9. Yang, 2016, Synthesis and performance of spherical LiNixCoyMn1-x-yO2 regenerated from nickel and cobalt scraps, Hydrometallurgy, 165, 358, 10.1016/j.hydromet.2015.11.015 · doi:10.1016/j.hydromet.2015.11.015
  10. Zheng, 2017, Spent lithium-ion battery recycling – Reductive ammonia leaching of metals from cathode scrap by sodium sulphite, Waste Manag., 60, 680, 10.1016/j.wasman.2016.12.007 · DOI · Paper page
  11. Wang, 2020, Spent lithium-ion battery recycling-reductive ammonia leaching of metals from cathode scrap by sodium sulphite, Waste Manag., 102, 122, 10.1016/j.wasman.2019.10.017 · doi:10.1016/j.wasman.2019.10.017
  12. He, 2017, Recovery of lithium, nickel, cobalt, and manganese from spent lithium-ion batteries using l -tartaric acid as a leachant, ACS Sustain. Chem. Eng., 5, 714, 10.1021/acssuschemeng.6b02056 · DOI · Paper page
  13. Parfenov, 2016, A new non-electrolytic aluminum extraction method, Trans. Nonferrous Met. Soc. China, 26, 2509, 10.1016/S1003-6326(16)64373-X · doi:10.1016/s1003-6326(16)64373-x
  14. Economic Commission for Europe Inland Transport Committee. European Agreement Concerning the International Carriage of Dangerous Goods by Road (ADR). vol. ECE/TRANS/. 2018. 10.4324/9781315066547-18. · doi:10.4324/9781315066547-18
  15. California legislature. AB 2407- Recycling: lithium-ion vehicle batteries: advisory group. vol. 2407. 2018.
  16. 2001, Appendix B main legislation on battery waste in the U.S.A. and E.U, Used Batter. Collect. Recycl., 341
  17. 2000, Directive 2000/76/EC on the incineration of waste, Off. J. Eur., 91
  18. 2010, Directive 2000/53/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 18 September 2000 on end-of-life vehicles, Off. J. Eur., 698
  19. 2006, Directive 2006/66/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 6 September 2006 on batteries and accumulators and waste batteries and accumulators and repealing Directive 91/157/EEC, Off. J. Eur. Union, 1
  20. 2012, Directive 2012/19/EU Of the European Parliament and of the Council of 4 July 2012 on waste electrical and electronic equipment (WEEE), Off. J. Eur., 38
  21. 2013, Directive 2013/56/EU amending Directive 2006/66/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council on batteries and accumulators and waste batteries and accumulators, Off. J. Eur. Union, 5
  22. 2018, Directive (EU) 2018/851 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 30 May 2018 amending directive 2008/98/EC on waste, Off. J. Eur. Union, 109
  23. 2018, Directive (EU) 2018/849 of the European Parliament and Council of 30 May 2018 amending Directives 2000/53/EC on end-of-life vehicles, 2006/66/EC on batteries and accumulators and waste batteries and accumulators, and 2012/19/EU on waste electrical and ele, Off. J. Eur., L150, 93
  24. METI. Act on the Promotion of Effective Utilization of Resources 1991;2:1–24.
  25. Fusheng, 2019, Disused electric car batteries to be repurposed for storage, China Dly.
  26. 2019, Battery second use for plug-in electric vehicles, Transp. Res.

Cited by

See all 886

Metadata

Authors
Yang, Y., Okonkwo, E. G., Huang, G., Xu, S., Sun, W., & He, Y.
Venue
Energy Storage Materials
Publisher
Elsevier BV
Published
2021-04
Volume
36
Pages
186-212
ISSN
  • 2405-8289 (ISSN-L)
  • 2405-8297
DOI
10.1016/j.ensm.2020.12.019
OpenAlex
W3112695914
Cited by
886
References
190
FWCI
49.22
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
closed
Licence
Funders
  • National Natural Science Foundation of China (51834008, 51904340)
  • China Academy of Space Technology (2018QNRC001)
  • National Key Research and Development Program of China (2019YFC1907801, 2019YFC1907804)

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review

How to cite

Cite CoChat for the checks on this page, and the paper for its own findings.

This page
CoChat. (2026). Citation check: On the sustainability of lithium ion battery industry – A review and perspective. https://app.cochat.ai/papers/10.1016/j.ensm.2020.12.019
The paper
Yang, Y., Okonkwo, E. G., Huang, G., Xu, S., Sun, W., & He, Y. (2021). On the sustainability of lithium ion battery industry – A review and perspective. Energy Storage Materials. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ensm.2020.12.019

Data sources

Bibliographic data: Semantic Scholar, OpenAlex, Crossref.

Contains information from the Semantic Scholar Academic Graph Datasets, made available under the ODC Attribution License (ODC-BY 1.0).

Semantic Scholar’s data is described in: Kinney, R., et al. (2023). The Semantic Scholar Open Data Platform. arXiv:2301.10140.