The DOI matches its Crossref record; 46 of the 46 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Multiple pathways of human exposure to poly- and perfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs): From external exposure to human blood
Open accessAbstract
Exposure to PFASs may result in adverse health effects. This study aimed to characterise the exposure to PFASs from diet, house dust, indoor air, and dermal contact and the relative contribution from different external exposure pathways to human serum concentrations. Daily intakes of 18 perfluoroalkyl acids (PFAAs) and 12 PFAA precursors from diet, dust ingestion, inhalation of indoor air and dermal absorption were estimated using a comprehensive dataset comprising 61 adults from the Oslo area, Norway. Concentrations of PFAAs and PFAA precursors in house dust, indoor air, hand wipes, foods and drinks were utilised to estimate the daily intakes. Perfluorooctanesulfonate (PFOS) was the predominant PFAS in serum for this study group. On a median level, perfluorooctanoate (PFOA) contributed most to the total estimated daily intake of PFAAs, with a median intake of 280 (range: 72–1810) pg·kg bw −1 ·day −1 , covering both direct and indirect (precursors) exposure. Out of this, only 3% (range: <1–48%) of the total PFOA intake came from indirect exposure. Dietary exposure from ingestion of food and drinks was in general the predominant exposure pathway, followed by exposure from ingestion of house dust, inhalation of indoor air, and dermal absorption, but considerable variations were observed among individuals. House dust ingestion and indoor air inhalation contributed most to the total intakes for some participants, for which most of them were among the 20% participants with the highest total estimated intakes. Some statistical significant associations between concentrations of PFASs measured in serum and estimated intakes were observed. Measured serum concentrations and modelled serum concentrations based on external exposure estimates were in the same order of magnitude for PFOS, PFHxS, PFOA, and PFNA, but only PFOA concentrations were comparable, 1.9 and 2.0 ng mL −1 for observed and modelled serum concentrations, respectively. The estimated daily intakes of PFASs in this study were lower than the health-based guidance values, e.g. the tolerable weekly intakes derived by EFSA. This study underlines the importance of performing studies considering multiple exposure pathways on an individual basis.
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“Breastfeeding has been identified as a significant route for early-life PFAS exposure, which can contribute to higher levels in infants compared to adults [178,179].”
From Industrial Applications, Environmental Fate, Human Exposure, and Health Effects of PFAS (2025) · cites this paper as [179]
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Citations
Cites
Perfluoroalkyl Acids: A Review of Monitoring and Toxicological Findings
Lau, C., Anitole, K., Hodes, C., Lai, D., Pfahles-Hutchens, A., & Seed, J. (2007) · Toxicological Sciences · doi:10.1093/toxsci/kfm128 · Cited by 2,620
Sources, fate and transport of perfluorocarboxylates
Prevedouros, K., Cousins, I. T., Buck, R. C., & Korzeniowski, S. H. (2006) · Environmental Science & Technology · doi:10.1021/es0512475 · Cited by 2,594
Perfluorinated compounds – Exposure assessment for the general population in western countries
Fromme, H., Tittlemier, S. A., Völkel, W., Wilhelm, M., & Twardella, D. (2008) · International Journal of Hygiene and Environmental Health · doi:10.1016/j.ijheh.2008.04.007 · Cited by 979
Half-Lives of PFOS, PFHxS and PFOA after End of Exposure to Contaminated Drinking Water
Li, Y., Fletcher, T., Mucs, D., Scott, K., Lindh, C. H., Tallving, P., & Jakobsson, K. (2018) · Occupational and Environmental Medicine · doi:10.1136/oemed-2017-104651 · Cited by 815
The toxicology of perfluorooctanoate
Kennedy, G. L., Butenhoff, J. L., Olsen, G. W., O'Connor, J. C., Seacat, A. M., Perkins, R. G., Biegel, L. B., Murphy, S. R., & Farrar, D. G. (2004) · Critical Reviews in Toxicology · doi:10.1080/10408440490464705 · Cited by 742
Epidemiologic Evidence on the Health Effects of Perfluorooctanoic Acid (PFOA)
Steenland, K., Fletcher, T., & Savitz, D. A. (2010) · Environmental Health Perspectives · doi:10.1289/ehp.0901827 · Cited by 660
(CONTAM), E. P. O. C. I. T. F. C., Knutsen, H. K., Alexander, J., Barregård, L., Bignami, M., Brüschweiler, B. J., Ceccatelli, S., Cottrill, B., Dinovi, M., Edler, L., et al. (2018) · EFSA Journal · doi:10.2903/j.efsa.2018.5194 · Cited by 549
Self-citationBiomonitoring of Perfluoroalkyl Acids in Human Urine and Estimates of Biological Half-Life
Zhang, Y., Beesoon, S., Zhu, L., & Martin, J. W. (2013) · Environmental Science & Technology · doi:10.1021/es401905e · Cited by 530
Estimating Consumer Exposure to PFOS and PFOA
Trudel, D., Horowitz, L., Wormuth, M., Scheringer, M., Cousins, I. T., & Hungerbühler, K. (2008) · Risk Analysis · doi:10.1111/j.1539-6924.2008.01017.x · Cited by 514 · cited 1×
“Previous studies have suggested that human exposure to PFASs occur primarily through the diet (Fromme et al., 2007; Haug et al., 2011; Trudel et al., 2008; Vestergren and Cousins, 2009).”
BackgroundTracking the Pathways of Human Exposure to Perfluorocarboxylates
Vestergren, R., & Cousins, I. T. (2009) · Environmental Science & Technology · doi:10.1021/es900228k · Cited by 436
Research works printed but not linked: 1
- U.S. EPA, 2011. Exposure Factors Handbook: 2011 Edition Vol. EPA/600/R-09/052F.
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Risk to human health related to the presence of perfluoroalkyl substances in food
Panel), E. P. O. C. I. T. F. C. (. C., Schrenk, D., Bignami, M., Bodin, L., Chipman, J. K., del Mazo, J., Grasl‐Kraupp, B., Hogstrand, C., Hoogenboom, L. (., Leblanc, J., et al. (2020) · EFSA Journal · doi:10.2903/j.efsa.2020.6223 · Cited by 989
Self-citationDe Silva, A. O., Armitage, J. M., Bruton, T. A., Dassuncao, C., Heiger-Bernays, W., Hu, X. C., Kärrman, A., Kelly, B., Ng, C., Robuck, A., et al. (2020) · Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry · doi:10.1002/etc.4935 · Cited by 835
Lenka, S. P., Kah, M., & Padhye, L. P. (2021) · Water Research · doi:10.1016/j.watres.2021.117187 · Cited by 755
PFAS Molecules: A Major Concern for the Human Health and the Environment
Panieri, E., Baralic, K., Djukic-Cosic, D., Buha Djordjevic, A., & Saso, L. (2022) · Toxics · doi:10.3390/toxics10020044 · Cited by 651
Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances (PFAS) in Breast Milk: Concerning Trends for Current-Use PFAS
Zheng, G., Schreder, E. D., Dempsey, J. C., Uding, N., Chu, V., Andres, G., Sathyanarayana, S., & Salamova, A. (2021) · Environmental Science & Technology · doi:10.1021/acs.est.0c06978 · Cited by 333
Metadata
- Authors
- Poothong, S., Papadopoulou, E., Padilla-Sánchez, J. A., Thomsen, C., & Haug, L. S.
- Affiliations
- Norwegian Institute of Public Health (NO)
- Corresponding author
- Poothong, Somrutai
- Venue
- Environment International
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2020-01
- Volume
- 134
- Pages
- 105244
- ISSN
- 0160-4120 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2982787986
- Cited by
- 357
- References
- 46
- Citations by year
- 2026: 63 · 2025: 69 · 2024: 68 · 2023: 44 · 2022: 45 · 2021: 43 · 2020: 25
- FWCI
- 12.29
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Environment International (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- NORA - Norwegian Open Research Archives (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Funders
- Norges Forskningsråd
- FP7 People: Marie-Curie Actions
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Environmental Chemistry › Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances research
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis › Toxic Organic Pollutants Impact
- Physical Sciences › Chemistry › Organic Chemistry › Fluorine in Organic Chemistry
- Keywords
- per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances, dietary exposure, percutaneous absorption, perfluorooctanoic acid, PFOS, serum PFAS concentrations, daily intake estimation, tolerable weekly intake
- MeSH terms
- Dust, Environmental Exposure, Environmental Pollutants, Fluorocarbons, Humans, Norway, Alkanesulfonic Acids
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