Perfluoroalkyl Acids: A Review of Monitoring and Toxicological Findings

Lau, Christopher; Anitole, Katherine; Hodes, Colette; Lai, David; Pfahles-Hutchens, Andrea; Seed, Jennifer

doi:10.1093/toxsci/kfm128

Cited by 2,620Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances researchFluorine in Organic ChemistryToxic Organic Pollutants Impact

Perfluoroalkyl Acids: A Review of Monitoring and Toxicological Findings

Lau, Christopher, Anitole, Katherine, Hodes, Colette, Lai, David, Pfahles-Hutchens, Andrea, Seed, Jennifer·2007·Toxicological Sciences

DOI 10.1093/toxsci/kfm128

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Abstract

In recent years, human and wildlife monitoring studies have identified perfluoroalkyl acids (PFAA) worldwide. This has led to efforts to better understand the hazards that may be inherent in these compounds, as well as the global distribution of the PFAAs. Much attention has focused on understanding the toxicology of the two most widely known PFAAs, perfluorooctanoic acid, and perfluorooctane sulfate. More recently, research was extended to other PFAAs. There has been substantial progress in understanding additional aspects of the toxicology of these compounds, particularly related to the developmental toxicity, immunotoxicity, hepatotoxicity, and the potential modes of action. This review provides an overview of the recent advances in the toxicology and mode of action for PFAAs, and of the monitoring data now available for the environment, wildlife, and humans. Several avenues of research are proposed that would further our understanding of this class of compounds.

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An increase in xenobiotic metabolism is not likely to be relevant for PFOS concentrations in the body, as PFAAs are resistant to enzymatic metabolism.
“While potentially important for BDE-47, an increase in xenobiotic metabolism is not likely to be relevant for PFOS concentrations in the body, as PFAAs are resistant to enzymatic metabolism (Kudo and Kawashima, 2003; Lau et al., 2007).”
From A Critical Review and Meta-Analysis of Impacts of Per- and Polyfluorinated Substances on the Brain and Behavior (2022) · cites this paper as Lau et al., 2007
PFOS and PFOA have been recognized as pollutants because of their environmental persistence and toxicity.
“Some of these compounds, e.g., perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) and perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA), have been recognized as pollutants because of their environmental persistence and toxicity.”
From Non-Target and Suspect Screening of Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances in Airborne Particulate Matter in China (2018) · cites this paper as [5]

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Authors: Lau, C., Anitole, K., Hodes, C., Lai, D., Pfahles-Hutchens, A., & Seed, J.
Affiliations: Environmental Protection Agency (US)
Corresponding author: Seed, Jennifer
ORCID: Lau, Christopher
Venue: Toxicological Sciences
Publisher: Oxford University Press (OUP)
Published: 2007-05-22
Volume: 99
Issue: 2
Pages: 366-394
ISSN: 1096-0929 (ISSN-L)
1096-6080
DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfm128
OpenAlex: W2167567374
Cited by: 2,620
References: 12
Citations by year: 2026: 108 · 2025: 122 · 2024: 140 · 2023: 134 · 2022: 138 · 2021: 174 · 2020: 161 · 2019: 144 · 2018: 137 · 2017: 176 · 2016: 142 · 2015: 127 · 2014: 160 · 2013: 164 · 2012: 140
FWCI: 7.50
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Locations: Toxicological Sciences (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Topics: Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Environmental Chemistry › Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances research
Life Sciences › Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics › Pharmaceutical Science › Fluorine in Organic Chemistry
Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis › Toxic Organic Pollutants Impact
Keywords: perfluoroalkyl acids, perfluorooctanoic acid, PFOS, developmental toxicity, immunotoxicity, hepatotoxicity, mechanism of action, environmental monitoring, wildlife exposure, human exposure, global distribution
MeSH terms: Abnormalities, Drug-Induced, Animals, Environmental Monitoring, Female, Fetus, Fluorocarbons, Hormones, Humans, Immune System, Liver, Male

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Perfluoroalkyl Acids: A Review of Monitoring and Toxicological Findings

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