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Cited by 219Mercury impact and mitigation studiesHeavy Metal Exposure and ToxicityToxic Organic Pollutants Impact

Mercury: What can we learn from the Amazon?

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Crespo-Lopez, Maria Elena, Augusto-Oliveira, Marcus, Lopes-Araújo, Amanda, Santos-Sacramento, Leticia, Yuki Takeda, Priscila, Macchi, Barbarella de Matos, do Nascimento, José Luiz Martins, Maia, Cristiane S.F. +2 more·2021·Environment International
DOI 10.1016/j.envint.2020.106223
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Abstract

Mercury is among the ten most dangerous chemicals for public health, and is a priority concern for the 128 signatory countries of the Minamata Convention. Mercury emissions to the atmosphere increased 20% between 2010 and 2015, with South America, Sub-Saharan Africa and Southeast Asia as the main contributors. Approximately 80% of the total mercury emissions in South America is from the Amazon, where the presence of the metal is ubiquitous and highly dynamic. The presence of this metal is likely increasing, with global consequences, due to events of the last two years including extensive biomass burning and deforestation, as well as mining activities and the construction of large-scale projects, such as dams. Here we present a concise profile of this mobilization, highlighting the human exposure to this metal in areas without mining history. Mercury reaches the food chain in its most toxic form, methylmercury, intoxicating human populations through the intake of contaminated fish. Amazonian populations present levels over 6 ppm of hair mercury and, according to the 175:250:5:1 ratio for methylmercury intake : mercury hair : mercury brain : mercury blood, consume 2-6 times the internationally recognized reference doses. This exposure is alarmingly higher than that of other populations worldwide. A possible biphasic behavior of the mercury-related phenomena, with consequences that may not be observed in populations with lower levels, is hypothesized, supporting the need of improving our knowledge of this type of chronic exposure. It is urgent that we address this serious public health problem in the Amazon, especially considering that human exposure may be increasing in the near future. All actions in this region carry the potential to have global repercussions.

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Cited by

Sorted by citations

Authors
Crespo-Lopez, M. E., Augusto-Oliveira, M., Lopes-Araújo, A., Santos-Sacramento, L., Yuki Takeda, P., Macchi, B. D. M., do Nascimento, J. L. M., Maia, C. S. F., Lima, R. R., & Arrifano, G. P.
Affiliations
Universidade Federal do Pará (BR)
ORCID
Venue
Environment International
Publisher
Elsevier BV
Published
2021-01
Volume
146
Pages
106223
ISSN
0160-4120 (ISSN-L)
DOI
10.1016/j.envint.2020.106223
OpenAlex
W3095558052
Cited by
219
References
0
Citations by year
2026: 33 · 2025: 42 · 2024: 48 · 2023: 40 · 2022: 28 · 2021: 27 · 2020: 1
FWCI
2.09
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Licence
Locations
  • Environment International (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
  • DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
Funders
  • Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior
  • Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico
  • Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo
Topics
  • Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis › Mercury impact and mitigation studies
  • Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis › Heavy Metal Exposure and Toxicity
  • Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis › Toxic Organic Pollutants Impact
Keywords
mercury, Amazon, methylmercury, human exposure, hair mercury, Minamata Convention, mercury emissions, biomass burning, deforestation, mining, dams, contaminated fish, food chain, long-term exposure
MeSH terms
Animals, Environmental Exposure, Hair, Humans, Mercury, Methylmercury Compounds, Mining, South America

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