Temporal Trends, 2000-2017, of Perfluoroalkyl Acid (PFAA) Concentrations in Serum of Swedish Adolescents
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Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) have been extensively used as surfactants because of their high stability and good water/oil-repellent properties. PFASs, especially perfluoroalkyl acids (PFAAs), have long biological half-lives, and exposure may cause adverse health effects in humans. We assessed temporal trends of concentrations of eight PFAAs in serum of Swedish adolescents (age 16-21 years) from the general population, and estimated the stability of PFAAs and serum samples after 6 years of storage. Repeated cross-sectional sampling was performed on five occasions (covering in total 1213 individuals, 83% males) in southern Sweden between 2000 and 2017. We analyzed serum for perfluorohexane sulfonic acid (PFHxS), perfluorooctane sulfonic acid (PFOS), perfluoroheptanoic acid (PFHpA), perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA), perfluorononanoic acid (PFNA), perfluorodecanoic acid (PFDA), perfluoroundecanoic acid (PFUnDA), and perfluorododecanoic acid (PFDoDA) using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. We assessed time trends using linear regression, long-term stability was assessed by reanalyzing samples collected 2013, and the comparison was done using Pearson correlation and Bland-Altman plots. PFHxS, PFOS, and PFOA decreased by 6.7% (CI: -7.0, -6.3%), 12.6% (CI: -12.9, -12.3%), and 6.5% (CI: -6.8, -6.1%) per year, respectively, and year of sampling explained 48-81% of the variation in concentrations. PFNA and PFDA seemed to increase up to 2009 and decrease thereafter. The trends were consistent after sensitivity analyses excluding women. Strong correlations of 94-97% were observed for concentrations of all compounds, except PFHxS, after storage. The observed trends closely followed the timing of manufacturers' voluntary phase-out initiatives, and of regulatory measures governing the compounds implemented in the EU and USA. This indicates that these actions mitigated the population's exposure to PFHxS, PFOS, and PFOA and, in recent years, to PFNA and PFDA, in southern Sweden. Furthermore, the results suggest that PFAAs remain stable in serum samples after long-term storage.
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A noticeable declining trend in PFAS serum concentrations has been observed among Swedish adolescents and Norwegian men and women.
“Indeed, a noticeable declining trend in PFAS serum concentrations has been observed among Swedish adolescents and Norwegian men and women [10,11].”
From The EU’s Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances (PFAS) Ban: A Case of Policy over Science (2023) · cites this paper as [10]
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Self-citation
- Authors
- Norén, E., Lindh, C., Glynn, A., Rylander, L., Pineda, D., & Nielsen, C.
- Affiliations
- Lund University (SE)
- Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SE)
- Corresponding author
- Norén, Erika
- Venue
- Environment International
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2021-10
- Volume
- 155
- Pages
- 106716
- ISSN
- 0160-4120 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W3167817278
- Cited by
- 75
- References
- 45
- Citations by year
- 2026: 13 · 2025: 19 · 2024: 16 · 2023: 19 · 2022: 5 · 2021: 2
- FWCI
- 3.97
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Environment International (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Epsilon Open Archive (Sveriges lantbruksuniversitet biblioteket (Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences)) (acceptedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Lund University Publications (Lund University) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- Lunds Universitet
- Naturvårdsverket (2215-17-019, 235-1780-08, 2215-16-002)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Environmental Chemistry › Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances research
- Life Sciences › Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics › Pharmaceutical Science › Fluorine in Organic Chemistry
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis › Toxic Organic Pollutants Impact
- Keywords
- perfluoroalkyl acids, PFAS, temporal trends, serum concentration, adolescents, PFHxS, PFOS, perfluorooctanoic acid, PFNA, perfluorodecanoic acid, sample storage stability, regulatory instruments, human exposure, Sweden, perfluoroundecanoic acid, PFHpA
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Adult, Cross-Sectional Studies, Environmental Pollutants, Female, Fluorocarbons, Humans, Male, Sulfonic Acids, Sweden, Alkanesulfonic Acids, Young Adult
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