Human biomonitoring of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances in German blood plasma samples from 1982 to 2019
Open accessAbstract
The findings of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) in humans and the environment all over the world have raised concerns and public awareness for this group of man-made chemicals. In the last three decades, this led to different regulatory restrictions for specific PFAS as well as shifts in the production and usage of these substances. In this study, we analyzed the PFAS levels of 100 human blood plasma samples collected from 2009 to 2019 for the German Environmental Specimen Bank (ESB) to further elucidate the time course of exposure towards this substance group as shown by Schröter-Kermani et al., (2013) with samples from 1982 to 2010. A spectrum of 37 PFAS, including perfluorocarboxylic (PFCA) and -sulfonic acids (PFSA) as well as potential precursors and substitutes like ADONA, GenX or F-53B was analyzed by UHPLC coupled with high-resolution mass spectrometry. Validation was successful for 33 of the substances. The two legacy substances perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) and perfluorooctane sulfonic acid (PFOS) were detected in every sample of the 2009-2019 dataset and showed the highest concentrations with ranges of 0.27-14.0 ng/mL and 1.21-14.1 ng/mL, respectively. A significant portion of total PFOS analytes was present as branched isomers (mean: 34 ± 7%). High detection frequencies of 95% and 82% were also found for perfluorohexane sulfonic acid (PFHxS) and perfluorononanoic acid (PFNA), respectively, but in lower concentrations (PFHxS: <LOQ - 4.62 ng/mL; PFNA: <LOQ - 3.66 ng/mL) than PFOA and PFOS. Besides other PFCA and PFSA only 8:2 fluorotelomer sulfonic acid (8:2 FtS) and N-methyl perfluorooctane sulfonamidoacetic acid were detected in very few samples. In combination with the previous results from 1982 to 2010, declining temporal trends were observed for all PFAS (PFOA, PFNA, PFHxS, and PFOS) frequently detected in the ESB samples. The results of this study indicate a decrease in human exposure to known PFAS in Germany over the last three decades and emphasize the importance of long-term human biomonitoring studies for investigating the effects of chemical regulation.
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PFAS have garnered attention as highly persistent and toxic environmental contaminants.
“per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) have garnered attention as highly persistent12 and toxic13,14 environmental contaminants.”
From Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances (PFAS) in Street Sweepings (2022) · cites this paper as [13]
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- Authors
- Göckener, B., Weber, T., Rüdel, H., Bücking, M., & Kolossa-Gehring, M.
- Affiliations
- Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology (DE)
- German Environment Agency (DE)
- Corresponding author
- Göckener, Bernd
- Venue
- Environment International
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2020-12
- Volume
- 145
- Pages
- 106123
- ISSN
- 0160-4120 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W3087070834
- Cited by
- 224
- References
- 13
- Citations by year
- 2026: 43 · 2025: 39 · 2024: 49 · 2023: 38 · 2022: 42 · 2021: 13
- FWCI
- 8.63
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Environment International (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Publikationsdatenbank der Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft (Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Fraunhofer-Publica (Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- Bundesministerium für Umwelt, Naturschutz und Reaktorsicherheit
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Environmental Chemistry › Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances research
- Life Sciences › Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics › Pharmaceutical Science › Fluorine in Organic Chemistry
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis › Toxic Organic Pollutants Impact
- Keywords
- per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances, PFAS, human biomonitoring, blood plasma, temporal trends in exposure, perfluorooctanoic acid, PFOS, perfluorohexane sulfonic acid, perfluorononanoic acid, ADONA, GenX, F-53B, legacy PFAS, German Environmental Specimen Bank
- MeSH terms
- Biological Monitoring, Caprylates, Environmental Pollutants, Fluorocarbons, Germany, Humans, Plasma, Sulfonic Acids, Alkanesulfonic Acids
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