Serum Concentrations of Legacy and Emerging Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances in the Anniston Community Health Surveys (ACHS I and ACHS II)
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BACKGROUND: Residents of Anniston Alabama were highly exposed to polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) due to longstanding manufacturing in the area. The Anniston Community Health Surveys (ACHS I-2005-2007 and II, 2014) have linked these exposures with a variety of deletereous health outcomes. In addition to PCBs, these individuals were likely simultaneously exposed to other persistent organic pollutants including per and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS), which are an emerging class of ubiquitous industrial chemicals that are measurable in the blood of most individuals and have themselves been linked increased risk of some non communicable diseases. METHODS: To characterize PFAS exposures in ACHS I and ACHS II, we measured eight environmentally significant PFAS in serum by UPLC coupled electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry. Perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS), Perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA), Perfluorononanoate (PFNA), Perfluorohexane sulfonate (PFHxS), Perfluoroheptanoic acid (PFHpA), Perfluorobutanesulfonic acid (PFBS), Hexafluoropropylene oxide dimer acid (HFPO-DA), and 4:2 Fluorotelomer sulfonic acid (4.2 FTS) were extracted from matched serum samples of individuals who participated in the original ACHS I (2005-2007; n = 297) and the follow up ACHS II (2014; n = 336). Data were collected in negative multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) mode with monitoring of quantitation and qualifier ions for all target PFAS analytes, surrogates and internal standards. VARCLUS procedure was used to create hierarchical clusters between PFAS and other legacy persistent organic pollutants which may share similar exposure routes. RESULTS: Overall, circulating PFAS levels decreased approximately 50% from ACHS I (2005-2007) to ACHS II (2014), but these changes varied by compound. Mean levels of PFOS were >3 times higher in ACHS I subjects than in conpemporaneous NHANES subjects (2005-2006; ACHS I mean: 71.1 ng/ml; NHANES mean: 20.2 ng/mL), and this relationship persisted in ACHS II subjects (2014: ACHS II mean: 34.7 ng/ml; NHANES mean: 5.92 ng/mL). PFNA was also higher in both ACHS I and ACHS II subjects in comparision to NHANES whereas levels of PFOA and PFHxS were lower than in NHANES. Finally, cluster analysis revealed that in ACHS II, most PFAS tracked with polybrominated diphenyl ethers, except PFNA and PFHpA which clustered with industrial PCBs. In ACHS I, PFAS analytes correlated more closely with industrial PCBs and chlorinated pesticides. CONCLUSIONS: Participants in the Anniston Community Health Surveys have higher levels of PFOS and PFNA than the general population with average PFOS levels >3 times contemporaneous NHANES levels. Since PFAS were not known to be manufactured in the area, more work needs to be completed to determine if population demographics, proximity to a military base, or regional manufacturing can explain the elevated levels.
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To date, the investigation of alternative PFAS compounds within human blood has been limited; few studies have either failed to detect their presence or have identified minimal levels.
“To date, the investigation of alternative PFAS compounds within human blood has been limited. Few studies have either failed to detect their presence or have identified minimal levels [13,14,15].”
From The EU’s Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances (PFAS) Ban: A Case of Policy over Science (2023) · cites this paper as [14]
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Chen, M., Jiao, X., Dong, C., Qu, W., Feng, L., Wang, Y., Li, F., & Liu, Y. F. (2026) · Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety · doi:10.1016/j.ecoenv.2026.120967
- Authors
- Petriello, M. C., Mottaleb, M. A., Serio, T. C., Balyan, B., Cave, M. C., Pavuk, M., Birnbaum, L. S., & Morris, A. J.
- Affiliations
- Wayne State University (US)
- University of Kentucky (US)
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (US)
- University of Louisville (US)
- National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (US)
- Corresponding author
- Morris, Andrew J.
- ORCID
- Venue
- Environment International
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2022-01
- Volume
- 158
- Pages
- 106907
- ISSN
- 0160-4120 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC9131314
- OpenAlex
- W3213475957
- Cited by
- 49
- References
- 33
- Citations by year
- 2026: 14 · 2025: 9 · 2024: 13 · 2023: 12 · 2022: 1
- FWCI
- 2.46
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Environment International (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- UKnowledge (University of Kentucky) (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health (P30ES020957, P30ES026529, P30ES302883, P42ES007380, P42ES023716, R00ES028734, R35ES028373)
- National Cancer Institute
- National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Environmental Chemistry › Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances research
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis › Toxic Organic Pollutants Impact
- Life Sciences › Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics › Pharmaceutical Science › Fluorine in Organic Chemistry
- Keywords
- per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances, PFAS, serum PFAS concentrations, polychlorinated biphenyls, PFOS, perfluorooctanoic acid, PFNA, PFHxS, PFHpA, PFBS, HFPO-DA, industrial chemical exposure, persistent organic pollutants, Anniston, Alabama, community-based surveillance, biomonitoring
- MeSH terms
- Environmental Pollutants, Fluorocarbons, Health Surveys, Humans, Nutrition Surveys, Polychlorinated Biphenyls, Public Health, Alkanesulfonic Acids
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