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Trophic level transfer of microplastic: Mytilus edulis (L.) to Carcinus maenas (L.)
Abstract
This study investigated the trophic transfer of microplastic from mussels to crabs. Mussels (Mytilus edulis) were exposed to 0.5 μm fluorescent polystyrene microspheres, then fed to crabs (Carcinus maenas). Tissue samples were then taken at intervals up to 21 days. The number of microspheres in the haemolymph of the crabs was highest at 24 h (15 033 ml(-1) ± SE 3146), and was almost gone after 21 days (267 ml(-1) ± SE 120). The maximum amount of microspheres in the haemolymph was 0.04% of the amount to which the mussels were exposed. Microspheres were also found in the stomach, hepatopancreas, ovary and gills of the crabs, in decreasing numbers over the trial period. This study is the first to show 'natural' trophic transfer of microplastic, and its translocation to haemolymph and tissues of a crab. This has implications for the health of marine organisms, the wider food web and humans.
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“It has been shown that organisms at lower trophic levels, such as micro‐ and macrozooplankton, can ingest microplastics directly, since the fragments match the size of their preys, and then the animals themselves can be ingested by their predators (Farrell & Nelson, 2013; Gouin, 2020).”
From Mixotrophic flagellate ingestion boosts microplastic accumulation in ascidians (2022) · cites this paper as Farrell & Nelson, 2013
In the citing paper
“Studies have also established trophic transfer of microplastics in natural-like laboratory settings [16, 27].”
From Modelling microplastic bioaccumulation and biomagnification potential in the Galápagos penguin ecosystem using Ecopath and Ecosim (EwE) with Ecotracer (2024) · cites this paper as [27]
In the citing paper
“While inferred within the literature (Farrell and Nelson, 2013; Nelms et al., 2018), trophic transfer of MPs and associated chemical additives in marine ecosystems is seldom investigated in detail (Miller et al., 2020).”
From Trophic transfer of polyester microfibres across a multi-level marine food web. (2025) · cites this paper as Farrell and Nelson, 2013
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“Similar studies have found the indirect transfer of polystyrene microspheres from common mussels ( Mytilus edulis ) to shore crabs ( Callinectes maenas ) (Farrell & Nelson, 2013; Watts et al., 2014).”
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Microplastic Contamination of Wild and Captive Flathead Grey Mullet (Mugil cephalus)
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“…has represented primary consumers, while most investigations of the transfer of plastics through aquatic food webs in general have been in artificial (Farrell & Nelson, 2013; Setälä, Fleming-Lehtinen, & Lehtiniemi, 2014) or seminatural systems (Nelms, Galloway, Godley, Jarvis, & Lindeque, 2018).”
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“However, the quantity of microspheres ingested by sea urchin larvae (Tripneustes gratilla) declined over time (Kaposi et al., 2014); the number of microspheres increased in fish during the first 48 h and in haemolymph of crabs up to 24 h after exposure (Farrell and Nelson, 2013; Lu et al., 2016).”
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Trophic transfer of microplastics does not affect fish personality
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Microplastics in different tissues of wild crabs at three important fishing grounds in China
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“The effect of microplastic ingestion on green crabs and shore crab, Carcinus maenas , was studied by feeding them contaminated food in the form of mussels artificially contaminated with microplastics (Farrell and Nelson 2013; Watts et al. 2014).”
Single and combined effects of microplastics and roxithromycin on Daphnia magna
Zhang, P., Yan, Z., Lu, G., & Ji, Y. (2019) · Environmental Science and Pollution Research · doi:10.1007/s11356-019-05031-2 · Cited by 141
Microplastic accumulation in a Zostera marina L. bed at Deerness Sound, Orkney, Scotland
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Aquatic vascular plants – A forgotten piece of nature in microplastic research
Kalčíková, G. (2020) · Environmental Pollution · doi:10.1016/j.envpol.2020.114354 · Cited by 148
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“microplastics ingested by mussels has also been demonstrated under laboratory exposure scenarios, providing a route through which microplastic particles can be accumulated and enter the food chain (Farrell and Nelson, 2013).”
BackgroundA micro(nano)plastic boomerang tale: A never ending story?
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“MP are present in food (Farrell and Nelson, 2013), drinking water (Dalmau-Soler et al., 2021) and air (Gasperi et al., 2018; Zhang et al., 2020), and these are potential intake routes to humans via ingestion (Galloway, 2015; Sangkham et al., 2022) and air and dust inhalation (Amato-Lourenço et al.,…”
BackgroundMicroplastic characteristics in organisms of different trophic levels from Liaohe Estuary, China
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Microplastic Polystyrene Ingestion Promotes the Susceptibility of Honeybee to Viral Infection
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Beached microplastics in the Northwestern Mediterranean Sea
Constant, M., Kerhervé, P., Mino-Vercellio-Verollet, M., Dumontier, M., Sànchez‐Vidal, A., Canals, M., & Heussner, S. (2019) · Marine Pollution Bulletin · doi:10.1016/j.marpolbul.2019.03.032 · Cited by 130
Metadata
- Authors
- Farrell, P., & Nelson, K.
- Affiliations
- University of Portsmouth (GB)
- Corresponding author
- Farrell, Paul
- Venue
- Environmental Pollution
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2013-06
- Volume
- 177
- Pages
- 1-3
- ISSN
- 0269-7491 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2047003156
- Cited by
- 1,507
- References
- 20
- Citations by year
- 2026: 74 · 2025: 117 · 2024: 128 · 2023: 178 · 2022: 188 · 2021: 177 · 2020: 187 · 2019: 134 · 2018: 117 · 2017: 71 · 2016: 66 · 2015: 42 · 2014: 17 · 2013: 10
- FWCI
- 35.09
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Environmental Pollution (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Pollution › Microplastics and Plastic Pollution
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis › Environmental Toxicology and Ecotoxicology
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Pollution › Pharmaceutical and Antibiotic Environmental Impacts
- Keywords
- trophic transfer, Mytilus edulis, Carcinus maenas, polystyrene microspheres, hemolymph, tissue distribution, mussels, crabs, food webs, marine pollution
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Brachyura, Environmental Monitoring, Gills, Hemolymph, Plastics, Water Pollutants, Chemical, Food Chain, Mytilus edulis
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