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Trophic level transfer of microplastic: Mytilus edulis (L.) to Carcinus maenas (L.)
Abstract
This study investigated the trophic transfer of microplastic from mussels to crabs. Mussels (Mytilus edulis) were exposed to 0.5 μm fluorescent polystyrene microspheres, then fed to crabs (Carcinus maenas). Tissue samples were then taken at intervals up to 21 days. The number of microspheres in the haemolymph of the crabs was highest at 24 h (15 033 ml(-1) ± SE 3146), and was almost gone after 21 days (267 ml(-1) ± SE 120). The maximum amount of microspheres in the haemolymph was 0.04% of the amount to which the mussels were exposed. Microspheres were also found in the stomach, hepatopancreas, ovary and gills of the crabs, in decreasing numbers over the trial period. This study is the first to show 'natural' trophic transfer of microplastic, and its translocation to haemolymph and tissues of a crab. This has implications for the health of marine organisms, the wider food web and humans.
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“It has been shown that organisms at lower trophic levels, such as micro‐ and macrozooplankton, can ingest microplastics directly, since the fragments match the size of their preys, and then the animals themselves can be ingested by their predators (Farrell & Nelson, 2013; Gouin, 2020).”
From Mixotrophic flagellate ingestion boosts microplastic accumulation in ascidians (2022) · cites this paper as Farrell & Nelson, 2013
In the citing paper
“Studies have also established trophic transfer of microplastics in natural-like laboratory settings [16, 27].”
From Modelling microplastic bioaccumulation and biomagnification potential in the Galápagos penguin ecosystem using Ecopath and Ecosim (EwE) with Ecotracer (2024) · cites this paper as [27]
In the citing paper
“While inferred within the literature (Farrell and Nelson, 2013; Nelms et al., 2018), trophic transfer of MPs and associated chemical additives in marine ecosystems is seldom investigated in detail (Miller et al., 2020).”
From Trophic transfer of polyester microfibres across a multi-level marine food web. (2025) · cites this paper as Farrell and Nelson, 2013
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“Laboratory studies have shown trophic transfer of microplastics between invertebrates and within planktonic food webs (Dawson et al., 2018; Farrell & Nelson, 2013; Macali et al., 2018; Setälä et al., 2014).”
BackgroundExtraction, enumeration and identification methods for monitoring microplastics in the environment
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Leachate from microplastics impairs larval development in brown mussels
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Effect of Microplastic on the Gills of the Shore Crab Carcinus maenas
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“) as it was shown for microplastic particles (Farrell and Nelson, 2013; Tourinho et al., 2010; Derraik, 2002; Carr et al., 2012; Cole et al., 2013).”
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“In addition, some studies have investigated the potential for trophic-level transfer (Farrell and Nelson 2013; Set€ al€ a et al. 2014).”
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Accumulation of Plastic Debris and Associated Contaminants in Aquatic Food Webs
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“Trophic transfer has also been observed between beach hoppers, frill gobies and ray-finned fish (Tosetto et al. 2017), and between mussels (M. edulis) and crabs (C. maenas) (Farrell and Nelson 2013).”
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Microplastics releasing from personal care and cosmetic products in China
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Microplastic accumulation in the gastrointestinal tracts in birds of prey in central Florida, USA.
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Mediterranean marine biodiversity under threat: Reviewing influence of marine litter on species
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Abundance and characteristics of microplastics in commercial marine fish from Malaysia
Karbalaei, S., Golieskardi, A., Hamzah, H. B., Abdulwahid-Kurdi, S. J., Hanachi, P., Walker, T. R., & Karami, A. (2019) · Marine Pollution Bulletin · doi:10.1016/j.marpolbul.2019.07.072 · Cited by 295
“of smaller species being prey for higher trophic organisms (Farrell and Nelson, 2013).”
Background
Metadata
- Authors
- Farrell, P., & Nelson, K.
- Affiliations
- University of Portsmouth (GB)
- Corresponding author
- Farrell, Paul
- Venue
- Environmental Pollution
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2013-06
- Volume
- 177
- Pages
- 1-3
- ISSN
- 0269-7491 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2047003156
- Cited by
- 1,507
- References
- 20
- Citations by year
- 2026: 74 · 2025: 117 · 2024: 128 · 2023: 178 · 2022: 188 · 2021: 177 · 2020: 187 · 2019: 134 · 2018: 117 · 2017: 71 · 2016: 66 · 2015: 42 · 2014: 17 · 2013: 10
- FWCI
- 35.09
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Environmental Pollution (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Pollution › Microplastics and Plastic Pollution
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis › Environmental Toxicology and Ecotoxicology
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Pollution › Pharmaceutical and Antibiotic Environmental Impacts
- Keywords
- trophic transfer, Mytilus edulis, Carcinus maenas, polystyrene microspheres, hemolymph, tissue distribution, mussels, crabs, food webs, marine pollution
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Brachyura, Environmental Monitoring, Gills, Hemolymph, Plastics, Water Pollutants, Chemical, Food Chain, Mytilus edulis
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