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Trophic level transfer of microplastic: Mytilus edulis (L.) to Carcinus maenas (L.)
Abstract
This study investigated the trophic transfer of microplastic from mussels to crabs. Mussels (Mytilus edulis) were exposed to 0.5 μm fluorescent polystyrene microspheres, then fed to crabs (Carcinus maenas). Tissue samples were then taken at intervals up to 21 days. The number of microspheres in the haemolymph of the crabs was highest at 24 h (15 033 ml(-1) ± SE 3146), and was almost gone after 21 days (267 ml(-1) ± SE 120). The maximum amount of microspheres in the haemolymph was 0.04% of the amount to which the mussels were exposed. Microspheres were also found in the stomach, hepatopancreas, ovary and gills of the crabs, in decreasing numbers over the trial period. This study is the first to show 'natural' trophic transfer of microplastic, and its translocation to haemolymph and tissues of a crab. This has implications for the health of marine organisms, the wider food web and humans.
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“It has been shown that organisms at lower trophic levels, such as micro‐ and macrozooplankton, can ingest microplastics directly, since the fragments match the size of their preys, and then the animals themselves can be ingested by their predators (Farrell & Nelson, 2013; Gouin, 2020).”
From Mixotrophic flagellate ingestion boosts microplastic accumulation in ascidians (2022) · cites this paper as Farrell & Nelson, 2013
In the citing paper
“Studies have also established trophic transfer of microplastics in natural-like laboratory settings [16, 27].”
From Modelling microplastic bioaccumulation and biomagnification potential in the Galápagos penguin ecosystem using Ecopath and Ecosim (EwE) with Ecotracer (2024) · cites this paper as [27]
In the citing paper
“While inferred within the literature (Farrell and Nelson, 2013; Nelms et al., 2018), trophic transfer of MPs and associated chemical additives in marine ecosystems is seldom investigated in detail (Miller et al., 2020).”
From Trophic transfer of polyester microfibres across a multi-level marine food web. (2025) · cites this paper as Farrell and Nelson, 2013
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“Laboratory studies have observed trophic transfer of microplastic particles between groups of zooplankton (Setälä et al., 2014), and mussels and crabs (Farrell and Nelson, 2013).”
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Goswami, P., Vinithkumar, N. V., & Dharani, G. (2020) · Marine Pollution Bulletin · doi:10.1016/j.marpolbul.2020.111163 · Cited by 209
Microplastic Toxicity in Aquatic Organisms and Aquatic Ecosystems: a Review
Rakib, M. R. J., Sarker, A., Ram, K., Uddin, M. G., Walker, T. R., Chowdhury, T., Uddin, J., Khandaker, M. U., Rahman, M. M., & Idris, A. M. (2023) · Water Air & Soil Pollution · doi:10.1007/s11270-023-06062-9 · Cited by 214
“…(Au et al., 2015; Nobre et al., 2015; Watts et al., 2015; Jeong et al., 2016; Duis and Coors, 2016; Rehse et al., 2016), although most laboratory MP toxicity or trophic transfer studies have focused on freshwater algae (Farrell and Nelson, 2013; Nelms et al., 2018; Hanachi et al., 2022).”
BackgroundFood-web transfer of microplastics between wild caught fish and crustaceans in East China Sea
Zhang, F., Wang, X., Xu, J., Zhu, L., Peng, G., Xu, P., & Li, D. (2019) · Marine Pollution Bulletin · doi:10.1016/j.marpolbul.2019.05.061 · Cited by 211
Veneman, W. J., Spaink, H. P., Brun, N. R., Bosker, T., & Vijver, M. G. (2017) · Aquatic Toxicology · doi:10.1016/j.aquatox.2017.06.014 · Cited by 204
Gouin, T. (2020) · Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry · doi:10.1002/etc.4718 · Cited by 208
“Nevertheless, several laboratory‐based studies have reported translocation of microplastic particles, mostly nanosized plastic, from the gastrointestinal tract into other tissues (Browne et al. 2008; Rosenkranz et al. 2009; von Moos et al. 2012; Farrell and Nelson 2013; Avio et al. 2015; Brennecke et al. 2015; Mattsso…”
BackgroundFirst evaluation of neustonic microplastics in Black Sea waters
Aytan, Ü., Valente, A., Şentürk, Y., Usta, R., Esensoy, F. B., Mazlum, R. E., & Ağırbaş, E. (2016) · Marine Environmental Research · doi:10.1016/j.marenvres.2016.05.009 · Cited by 204
“Once MPs are ingested they can enter 77 the food web (e.g. Farrell and Nelson, 2013; Setälä et al., 2014), with potential risks to human 78 health by consumption of contaminated sea food.”
BackgroundDevriese, L., Witte, B. D., Vethaak, A. D., Hostens, K., & Leslie, H. A. (2017) · Chemosphere · doi:10.1016/j.chemosphere.2017.07.121 · Cited by 210
Dawson, A. L., Huston, W. M., Kawaguchi, S., King, C. K., Cropp, R., Wild, S., Eisenmann, P., Townsend, K. A., & Nash, S. B. (2018) · Environmental Science & Technology · doi:10.1021/acs.est.7b05759 · Cited by 208
Quantification of microplastic in Red Hills Lake of Chennai city, Tamil Nadu, India
Gopinath, K., Srinivasalu, S., Neelavannan, K., Vidyasakar, A., Rachel, M., Ravi, S., Bharath, M., & Achyuthan, H. (2020) · Environmental Science and Pollution Research · doi:10.1007/s11356-020-09622-2 · Cited by 198
“Apart from this, few industries are also considered as source of microplastics which uses them in their products such as facial scrubs, toothpaste, and resin pellets (Farrell and Nelson 2013; Sundt et al. 2014; Browne et al. 2011).”
BackgroundWang, T., Hu, M., Xu, G., Shi, H., Leung, J. Y. S., & Wang, Y. (2020) · The Science of The Total Environment · doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.142099 · Cited by 205
Toxicological effects of microplastics and phenanthrene to zebrafish (Danio rerio)
Xu, K., Zhang, Y., Huang, Y., & Wang, J. (2020) · The Science of The Total Environment · doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.143730 · Cited by 199
Chubarenko, I., Efimova, I., Bagaeva, M., Bagaev, A., & Isachenko, I. A. (2019) · Marine Pollution Bulletin · doi:10.1016/j.marpolbul.2019.110726 · Cited by 201
Araújo, A. P. D. C., & Malafaia, G. (2020) · Journal of Hazardous Materials · doi:10.1016/j.jhazmat.2020.123263 · Cited by 204
Protocol for Microplastics Sampling on the Sea Surface and Sample Analysis
Viršek, M. K., Palatinus, A., Koren, Š., Peterlin, M., Horvat, P., & Kržan, A. (2016) · Journal of Visualized Experiments · doi:10.3791/55161 · Cited by 245
Waite, H. R., Donnelly, M., & Walters, L. J. (2018) · Marine Pollution Bulletin · doi:10.1016/j.marpolbul.2018.02.026 · Cited by 196
Elizalde‐Velázquez, A., Carcano, A. M., Crago, J., Green, M. J., Shah, S. A., & Cañas‐Carrell, J. E. (2020) · Environmental Pollution · doi:10.1016/j.envpol.2020.113937 · Cited by 194
Provencher, J. F., Ammendolia, J., Rochman, C. M., & Mallory, M. L. (2019) · Environmental Reviews · doi:10.1139/er-2018-0079 · Cited by 194
“…co 329 Trophic transfer of microplastics, or an animal indirectly ingesting microplastics via its prey, has 330 been demonstrated in the laboratory (Farrell and Nelson 2013; Setälä et al. 2014), but our review 331 suggests that few studies have looked for and/or observed trophic transfer in the…”
BackgroundMiller, E. L., Sedlak, M., Lin, D., Box, C., Holleman, C., Rochman, C. M., & Sutton, R. (2020) · Journal of Hazardous Materials · doi:10.1016/j.jhazmat.2020.124770 · Cited by 202
Comparisons of microplastic pollution between mudflats and sandy beaches in Hong Kong
Lo, H., Xu, X., Wong, C., & Cheung, S. G. (2018) · Environmental Pollution · doi:10.1016/j.envpol.2018.01.031 · Cited by 191
Food chain microplastics contamination and impact on human health: a review
Eze, C. G., Nwankwo, C. E. I., Dey, S., Sundaramurthy, S., & Okeke, E. S. (2024) · Environmental Chemistry Letters · doi:10.1007/s10311-024-01734-2 · Cited by 210
“A study conducted by Farrell and Nelson (2013) highlighted the transfer of microplastic between mussels and crabs.”
Assessment tools for microplastics and natural fibres ingested by fish in an urbanised estuary
Halstead, J. E., Smith, J. A., Carter, E. A., Lay, P. A., & Johnston, E. L. (2017) · Environmental Pollution · doi:10.1016/j.envpol.2017.11.085 · Cited by 196
Plastic pollution on the Baltic beaches of Kaliningrad region, Russia
Esiukova, E. (2016) · Marine Pollution Bulletin · doi:10.1016/j.marpolbul.2016.10.001 · Cited by 192
“Moreover, the fragments of plastic are hazardous per se, causing harm or death to marine fauna and seabirds (Derraik, 2002; Farrell and Nelson, 2013; Bergmann et al., 2015).”
BackgroundFrère, L., Paul-Pont, I., Moreau, J., Soudant, P., Christophe Lambert, B., Huvet, A., & Rinnert, E. (2016) · Marine Pollution Bulletin · doi:10.1016/j.marpolbul.2016.10.051 · Cited by 200
Solomon, O. O., Onada, O. A., & Falaye, A. E. (2018) · Environmental Science and Pollution Research · doi:10.1007/s11356-018-1499-z · Cited by 188
Mecozzi, M., Pietroletti, M., & Monakhova, Y. B. (2016) · Marine Pollution Bulletin · doi:10.1016/j.marpolbul.2016.03.012 · Cited by 188
Pikuda, O., Xu, E. G., Berk, D., & Tufenkji, N. (2018) · Environmental Science & Technology Letters · doi:10.1021/acs.estlett.8b00614 · Cited by 191
Sendra, M., Saco, A., Yeste, M. P., Romero, A., Novoa, B., & Figueras, A. J. (2019) · Journal of Hazardous Materials · doi:10.1016/j.jhazmat.2019.121788 · Cited by 182
Martínez-Gómez, C., León, V. M., Calles, S., Gomáriz-Olcina, M., & Vethaak, A. D. (2017) · Marine Environmental Research · doi:10.1016/j.marenvres.2017.06.016 · Cited by 190
“Evidence of the trophic transfer of microplastics along the food 25 chain has recently been demonstrated from mussels to crabs (Farrell and Nelson, 2013) and from 26 mesozooplankton to macrozooplankton (Setälä et al.”
Background
Metadata
- Authors
- Farrell, P., & Nelson, K.
- Affiliations
- University of Portsmouth (GB)
- Corresponding author
- Farrell, Paul
- Venue
- Environmental Pollution
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2013-06
- Volume
- 177
- Pages
- 1-3
- ISSN
- 0269-7491 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2047003156
- Cited by
- 1,507
- References
- 20
- Citations by year
- 2026: 74 · 2025: 117 · 2024: 128 · 2023: 178 · 2022: 188 · 2021: 177 · 2020: 187 · 2019: 134 · 2018: 117 · 2017: 71 · 2016: 66 · 2015: 42 · 2014: 17 · 2013: 10
- FWCI
- 35.09
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Environmental Pollution (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Pollution › Microplastics and Plastic Pollution
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis › Environmental Toxicology and Ecotoxicology
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Pollution › Pharmaceutical and Antibiotic Environmental Impacts
- Keywords
- trophic transfer, Mytilus edulis, Carcinus maenas, polystyrene microspheres, hemolymph, tissue distribution, mussels, crabs, food webs, marine pollution
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Brachyura, Environmental Monitoring, Gills, Hemolymph, Plastics, Water Pollutants, Chemical, Food Chain, Mytilus edulis
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