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Trophic level transfer of microplastic: Mytilus edulis (L.) to Carcinus maenas (L.)
Abstract
This study investigated the trophic transfer of microplastic from mussels to crabs. Mussels (Mytilus edulis) were exposed to 0.5 μm fluorescent polystyrene microspheres, then fed to crabs (Carcinus maenas). Tissue samples were then taken at intervals up to 21 days. The number of microspheres in the haemolymph of the crabs was highest at 24 h (15 033 ml(-1) ± SE 3146), and was almost gone after 21 days (267 ml(-1) ± SE 120). The maximum amount of microspheres in the haemolymph was 0.04% of the amount to which the mussels were exposed. Microspheres were also found in the stomach, hepatopancreas, ovary and gills of the crabs, in decreasing numbers over the trial period. This study is the first to show 'natural' trophic transfer of microplastic, and its translocation to haemolymph and tissues of a crab. This has implications for the health of marine organisms, the wider food web and humans.
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“It has been shown that organisms at lower trophic levels, such as micro‐ and macrozooplankton, can ingest microplastics directly, since the fragments match the size of their preys, and then the animals themselves can be ingested by their predators (Farrell & Nelson, 2013; Gouin, 2020).”
From Mixotrophic flagellate ingestion boosts microplastic accumulation in ascidians (2022) · cites this paper as Farrell & Nelson, 2013
In the citing paper
“Studies have also established trophic transfer of microplastics in natural-like laboratory settings [16, 27].”
From Modelling microplastic bioaccumulation and biomagnification potential in the Galápagos penguin ecosystem using Ecopath and Ecosim (EwE) with Ecotracer (2024) · cites this paper as [27]
In the citing paper
“While inferred within the literature (Farrell and Nelson, 2013; Nelms et al., 2018), trophic transfer of MPs and associated chemical additives in marine ecosystems is seldom investigated in detail (Miller et al., 2020).”
From Trophic transfer of polyester microfibres across a multi-level marine food web. (2025) · cites this paper as Farrell and Nelson, 2013
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“Microplastics ingested by species at the base of food webs, such as Polychaeta and Isopoda, can be transferred to higher trophic levels (Farrell and Nelson, 2013; Pinheiro et al., 2020), ultimately affecting population and community structure, and ecosystem functioning (Ma et al.”
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Ten inconvenient questions about plastics in the sea
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“Microplastic is consumed by various marine organisms from zooplankton to higher trophic levels (fish and marine mammals) and from contaminated prey to predators [142,143].”
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Gündoğdu, S., Rathod, N. B., Hassoun, A., Jamróz, E., Kulawik, P., Gökbulut, C., Aït‐Kaddour, A., & Özoğul, F. (2022) · Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition · doi:10.1080/10408398.2022.2033684 · Cited by 74
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“A number of marine organisms have been observed to accumulate microplastics in their bodies, including crabs (Farrell & Nelson, 2013), copepods (Cole et al., 2013), blue mussels (Browne et al., 2008; Van Cauwenberghe & Janssen, 2014) and mussels (Van Cauwenberghe & Janssen, 2014).”
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Photodegradation of microplastics mediated by different types of soil: The effect of soil components
Ding, L., Ouyang, Z., Liu, P., Wang, T., Jia, H., & Guo, X. (2021) · The Science of The Total Environment · doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.149840 · Cited by 70
Mahmud, A., Wasif, M. M., Roy, H., Mehnaz, F., Ahmed, T., Pervez, M. N., Naddeo, V., & Islam, M. S. (2022) · Water · doi:10.3390/w14233968 · Cited by 69
Galdiero, E., Siciliano, A., Maselli, V., Gesuele, R., Guida, M., Fulgione, D., Galdiero, S., Lombardi, L., & Falanga, A. (2016) · International Journal of Nanomedicine · doi:10.2147/ijn.s107752 · Cited by 68
Sendra, M., Sparaventi, E., Blasco, J., Moreno‐Garrido, I., & Araújo, C. V. M. (2019) · Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety · doi:10.1016/j.ecoenv.2019.109853 · Cited by 70
Nobre, C. R., Moreno, B. B., Alves, A. V., Rosa, J. D. L., Franco, H. D. R., Abessa, D. M. D. S., Maranho, L. A., Choueri, R. B., Gusso‐Choueri, P. K., & Pereira, C. D. S. (2020) · Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology · doi:10.1007/s00244-020-00729-8 · Cited by 68
“2008; Farrell and Nelson 2013; Santana et al.”
ResultShrimp and microplastics: A case study with the Atlantic ditch shrimp Palaemon varians
Saborowski, R., Korez, Š., Riesbeck, S., Weidung, M., Bickmeyer, U., & Gutow, L. (2022) · Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety · doi:10.1016/j.ecoenv.2022.113394 · Cited by 70
Microplastics in wastewaters and their potential effects on aquatic and terrestrial biota
Qaiser, Z., Aqeel, M. A., Sarfraz, W., Rizvi, Z. F., Noman, A., Naeem, S., & Khalid, N. (2023) · Case Studies in Chemical and Environmental Engineering · doi:10.1016/j.cscee.2023.100536 · Cited by 72
Microplastics disrupt hermit crab shell selection
Crump, A., Mullens, C., Bethell, E., Cunningham, E. M., & Arnott, G. (2020) · Biology Letters · doi:10.1098/rsbl.2020.0030 · Cited by 75
Zitouni, N., Cappello, T., Missawi, O., Boughattas, I., De Marco, G., Belbekhouche, S., Mokni, M., Alphonse, V., Guerbej, H., Bousserrhine, N., et al. (2022) · Science of The Total Environment · doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.155872 · Cited by 66
Microplastic Accumulation and Degradation in Environment via Biotechnological Approaches
Thakur, S., Mathur, S., Patel, S., & Paital, B. (2022) · Water · doi:10.3390/w14244053 · Cited by 72
Microplastic exposure to zooplankton at tidal fronts in Charleston Harbor, SC USA
Payton, T. G., Beckingham, B., & Dustan, P. (2019) · Estuarine Coastal and Shelf Science · doi:10.1016/j.ecss.2019.106510 · Cited by 68
Accumulation and effects of microplastic fibers in American lobster larvae (Homarus americanus)
Woods, M. N., Hong, T. J., Baughman, D., Andrews, G., Fields, D. M., & Matrai, P. A. (2020) · Marine Pollution Bulletin · doi:10.1016/j.marpolbul.2020.111280 · Cited by 69
Low level of microplastic contamination in wild fish from an urban estuary
Lin, L., Ma, L., Li, H., Pan, Y.-F., Liu, S., Zhang, L., Peng, J., Fok, L., Xu, X., & He, W. (2020) · Marine Pollution Bulletin · doi:10.1016/j.marpolbul.2020.111650 · Cited by 65
Effect of microplastics in sludge impacts on the vermicomposting
Zhong, H., Yang, S., Zhu, L. F., Liu, C., Zhang, Y., & Zhang, Y. (2021) · Bioresource Technology · doi:10.1016/j.biortech.2021.124777 · Cited by 65
Pan, Z., Liu, Q., Xu, J., Li, W., & Lin, H. (2022) · Environmental Pollution · doi:10.1016/j.envpol.2022.119163 · Cited by 65
Yıldız, D., Yalçın, G., Jovanović, B., Boukal, D. S., Vebrová, L., Riha, D., Stanković, J., Savić‐Zdravković, D., Metin, M., Akyürek, Y. N., et al. (2022) · The Science of The Total Environment · doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.155407 · Cited by 68
Liu, J., Lv, M., Sun, A., Ding, J., Wang, Y., Chang, X., & Chen, L. (2022) · Chemosphere · doi:10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.133810 · Cited by 66
Khairudin, K., Bakar, N. F. A., & Osman, M. S. (2022) · Journal of environmental chemical engineering · doi:10.1016/j.jece.2022.108275 · Cited by 67
Justino, A. K. S., Ferreira, G. V. B., Fauvelle, V., Schmidt, N., Lenoble, V., Pelage, L., Martins, K., Travassos, P., & Lucena‐Frédou, F. (2023) · Environmental Pollution · doi:10.1016/j.envpol.2023.121532 · Cited by 64
“Laboratory studies have confirmed the trophic transfer of plastics from mussels to crabs (Farrell and Nelson, 2013) and among planktonic organisms with different trophic levels (mesozooplankton to macrozooplankton) (Set ¨ al ¨ a et al., 2014).”
Nelms, S. E., Parry, H., Bennett, K. A., Galloway, T. S., Godley, B. J., Santillo, D. J., & Lindeque, P. K. (2019) · Methods in Ecology and Evolution · doi:10.1111/2041-210x.13271 · Cited by 66
“Additionally, they may be ingested indirectly as a result of trophic transfer, whereby prey‐containing microplastics are consumed (Farrell & Nelson, 2013; Lourenço, Serra‐Gonçalves, Ferreira, Catry, & Granadeiro, 2017; Nelms, Galloway, Godley, Jarvis, & Lindeque, 2018).”
BackgroundMorosetti, B., Freitas, R., Pereira, E., Hamza, H., Andrade, M., Coppola, F., Maggioni, D., & Torre, C. D. (2020) · Environmental Research · doi:10.1016/j.envres.2020.109778 · Cited by 64
Marine plastics: What risks and policies exist for seagrass ecosystems in the Plasticene?
Bonanno, G., & Orlando‐Bonaca, M. (2020) · Marine Pollution Bulletin · doi:10.1016/j.marpolbul.2020.111425 · Cited by 66
Influence of Microplastics on the Growth and the Intestinal Microbiota Composition of Brine Shrimp
Li, H., Chen, H., Wang, J., Li, J., Liu, S., Tu, J., Chen, Y., Zong, Y., Zhang, P., Wang, Z., et al. (2021) · Frontiers in Microbiology · doi:10.3389/fmicb.2021.717272 · Cited by 62
“MPs can be transferred between organisms at different trophic levels (Farrell and Nelson, 2013) and even translocated between various organs in the organism (Browne et al.”
BackgroundMicroplastic abundance in the Thames River during the New Year period
Devereux, R., Kebede-Westhead, E., Jayaratne, R., & Newport, D. J. (2022) · Marine Pollution Bulletin · doi:10.1016/j.marpolbul.2022.113534 · Cited by 63
Crooks, N., Parker, H., & Pernetta, A. P. (2019) · Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology · doi:10.1016/j.jembe.2019.151187 · Cited by 65
Microplastics Ingestion and Chemical Pollutants in Seabirds of Gran Canaria (Canary Islands, Spain)
Navarro, A., Luzardo, O. P., Gómez, M., Acosta-Dacal, A. C., Martínez, I., de la Rosa, J. F., Macías-Montes, A., Suárez‐Pérez, A., & Herrera, A. (2022) · Marine Pollution Bulletin · doi:10.1016/j.marpolbul.2022.114434 · Cited by 66
The fate of microplastics during uptake and depuration phases in a blue mussel exposure system
Rist, S., Steensgaard, I. M., Güven, O., Nielsen, T. G., Jensen, L. H., Møller, L. F., & Hartmann, N. B. (2018) · Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry · doi:10.1002/etc.4285 · Cited by 63
“Because blue mussels are an important food source for many marine species and the trophic transfer of microplastics from blue mussels to crabs has been observed in a laboratory study (Farrell and Nelson 2013), this microplastic ingestion could also affect other species in the bentho-pelagic food web.”
BackgroundKnutsen, H., Cyvin, J. B., Totland, C., Lilleeng, Ø., Wade, E. J., Castro, V., Pettersen, A., Laugesen, J., Møskeland, T., & Arp, H. P. H. (2020) · Marine Environmental Research · doi:10.1016/j.marenvres.2020.105073 · Cited by 61
“…of these microplastics has caused concern because of the mechanical hazards to respiratory organs and the circulatory system (Browne et al., 2008; Cox et al., 2019; Farrell and Nelson, 2013; GESAMP, 2015; Kögel et al., 2019), as well as the potential leaching of additives (Vered et al., 2019).”
Background
Metadata
- Authors
- Farrell, P., & Nelson, K.
- Affiliations
- University of Portsmouth (GB)
- Corresponding author
- Farrell, Paul
- Venue
- Environmental Pollution
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2013-06
- Volume
- 177
- Pages
- 1-3
- ISSN
- 0269-7491 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2047003156
- Cited by
- 1,507
- References
- 20
- Citations by year
- 2026: 74 · 2025: 117 · 2024: 128 · 2023: 178 · 2022: 188 · 2021: 177 · 2020: 187 · 2019: 134 · 2018: 117 · 2017: 71 · 2016: 66 · 2015: 42 · 2014: 17 · 2013: 10
- FWCI
- 35.09
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Environmental Pollution (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Pollution › Microplastics and Plastic Pollution
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis › Environmental Toxicology and Ecotoxicology
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Pollution › Pharmaceutical and Antibiotic Environmental Impacts
- Keywords
- trophic transfer, Mytilus edulis, Carcinus maenas, polystyrene microspheres, hemolymph, tissue distribution, mussels, crabs, food webs, marine pollution
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Brachyura, Environmental Monitoring, Gills, Hemolymph, Plastics, Water Pollutants, Chemical, Food Chain, Mytilus edulis
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