Adsorption mechanism and effectiveness of phenol and tannic acid removal by biochar produced from oil palm frond using steam pyrolysis

Lawal, Abubakar Abdullahi; Hassan, Mohd Ali; Ahmad Farid, Mohamed Abdillah; Tengku Yasim-Anuar, Tengku Arisyah; Samsudin, Mohd Hafif; Mohd Yusoff, Mohd Zulkhairi; Zakaria, Mohd Rafein; Mokhtar, Mohd Noriznan; Shirai, Yoshihito

doi:10.1016/j.envpol.2020.116197

Cited by 133Adsorption and biosorption for pollutant removalThermochemical Biomass Conversion ProcessesEnvironmental remediation with nanomaterials

Adsorption mechanism and effectiveness of phenol and tannic acid removal by biochar produced from oil palm frond using steam pyrolysis

Lawal, Abubakar Abdullahi, Hassan, Mohd Ali, Ahmad Farid, Mohamed Abdillah, Tengku Yasim-Anuar, Tengku Arisyah, Samsudin, Mohd Hafif, Mohd Yusoff, Mohd Zulkhairi, Zakaria, Mohd Rafein, Mokhtar, Mohd Noriznan +1 more·2021·Environmental Pollution

DOI 10.1016/j.envpol.2020.116197

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Abstract

In order to meet the growing demand for adsorbents to treat wastewater effectively, there has been increased interest in using sustainable biomass feedstocks. In this present study, the dermal tissue of oil palm frond was pyrolyzed with superheated steam at 500 °C to produce nanoporous biochar as bioadsorbent. The effect of operating conditions was investigated to understand the adsorption mechanism and to enhance the adsorption of phenol and tannic acid. The biochar had a microporous structure with a Brunauer-Emmett-Teller surface area of 422 m 2/g containing low polar groups. The adsorption capacity of 62.89 mg/g for phenol and 67.41 mg/g for tannic acid were obtained using 3 g/L biochar dosage after 8 h of treatment at solution pH of 6.5 and temperature of 45 °C. The Freundlich model had the best fit to the isotherm data of phenol (R 2 of 0.9863), while the Langmuir model best elucidated the isotherm data of tannic acid (R 2 of 0.9632). These indicated that the biochar-phenol interface was associated with a heterogeneous multilayer sorption mechanism, while the biochar-tannic acid interface had a nonspecific monolayer sorption mechanism. The residual concentration of 26.3 mg/L phenol and 23.1 mg/L tannic acid was achieved when treated from 260 mg/L three times consecutively with 1 g/L biochar dosage, compared to a reduction to 72.3 mg/L phenol and 69.9 mg/L tannic acid using 3 g/L biochar dosage in a single treatment. The biochar exhibited effective adsorption of phenol and tannic acid, making it possible to treat effluents that contain varieties of phenolic compounds.

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Lawal et al. (2021) biochar made from oil palm leaves by steam pyrolysis reached an adsorption capacity of 62.89 mg/g for phenol and was well fitted with the Freundlich model (R2 = 0.9863).
“Lawal etal. (2021) used BC made from oil palm leaves by steam pyrolysis to remove phenol; the adsorption capacity reached 62.89mg/g for phenol and was well fitted with the Freundlich model ( R 2 = 0.9863)”
From Review of organic and inorganic pollutants removal by biochar and biochar-based composites (2021) · cites this paper as Lawal et al. (2021)

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Bamboo-derived nitrogen-doping magnetic porous hydrochar coactivated by K2FeO4 and CaCO3 for phenol removal: Governing factors and mechanisms
Pei, T., Shi, F., Liu, C., Lu, Y., Lin, X., Hou, D., Yang, S., Li, J., Zheng, Z., & Zheng, Y. (2023) · Environmental Pollution · doi:10.1016/j.envpol.2023.121871 · Cited by 50 · see citing works
Biochar increases Panax notoginseng's survival under continuous cropping by improving soil properties and microbial diversity
Zhao, L., Xu, W., Guan, H., Wang, K., Xiang, P., Wei, F., Yang, S., Miao, C., & Ma, L. Q. (2022) · The Science of The Total Environment · doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.157990 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
Technological Advancement for Efficiency Enhancement of Biodiesel and Residual Glycerol Refining: A Mini Review
Jariah, N. F., Hassan, M. A., Taufiq‐Yap, Y. H., & Roslan, A. M. (2021) · Processes · doi:10.3390/pr9071198 · Cited by 49 · see citing works
Self-citation
Review on carbon-based adsorbents from organic feedstocks for removal of organic contaminants from oil and gas industry process water: Production, adsorption performance and research gaps
Medeiros, D. C. C. D. S., Chelme‐Ayala, P., Benally, C., Al-Anzi, B., & El‐Din, M. G. (2022) · Journal of Environmental Management · doi:10.1016/j.jenvman.2022.115739 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
Emerging contaminants in polluted waters: Harnessing Biochar's potential for effective treatment
Tripathi, A., Ekanayake, A., Tyagi, V. K., Vithanage, M. S., Singh, R. R., & Rao, Y. R. S. (2024) · Journal of Environmental Management · doi:10.1016/j.jenvman.2024.123778 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
High-Energy Ball Milling for High Productivity of Nanobiochar from Oil Palm Biomass
Ng, L. Y. F., Ariffin, H., Yasim‐Anuar, T. A. T., Farid, M. A. A., & Hassan, M. A. (2022) · Nanomaterials · doi:10.3390/nano12183251 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
Self-citation
Sustainable utilization of rice husk waste for preparation of ordered nanostructured mesoporous silica and mesoporous carbon: Characterization and adsorption performance
Liou, T., Wang, S.-Y., Lin, Y., & Yang, S. (2021) · Colloids and Surfaces A Physicochemical and Engineering Aspects · doi:10.1016/j.colsurfa.2021.128150 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
Functionalized biochar for the removal of poly- and perfluoroalkyl substances in aqueous media
Nasrollahpour, S., Pulicharla, R., & Brar, S. K. (2025) · iScience · doi:10.1016/j.isci.2025.112113 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
Biochar derived from pyrolysis of rice straw as an adsorbent for removal of phenol from water
Bhatia, D., & Saroha, A. K. (2024) · Journal of Water Process Engineering · doi:10.1016/j.jwpe.2024.105003 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
Adsorption of phenol on kenaf‐derived biochar: studies on physicochemical and adsorption characteristics and mechanism
Cho, E.-J., Lee, C., Jin-Kyu-Kang, & Park, S. (2022) · Biomass Conversion and Biorefinery · doi:10.1007/s13399-022-03262-x · Cited by 40 · see citing works
Characterization of highly stable biochar and its application for removal of phenol
Guo, J., Xiao, H., Zhang, J. B., Dai, C., Li, T., Gao, M., Hu, J., & Li, J. (2022) · Biomass Conversion and Biorefinery · doi:10.1007/s13399-022-03375-3 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
“However, concerns about sustainability of the feedstock and production costs of activated carbon have shifted the focus to identifying renewable biomass materials and production methods with lower energy inputs [7, 8].”
Experimental and Theoretical Investigation of Olive Mill Solid Waste Biochar for Vanillic Acid Adsorption Using DFT/B3LYP Analysis
Rabichi, I., Sekkouri, C., Yaacoubi, F. E., Ennaciri, K., Izghri, Z., Bouzid, T., Fels, L. E., Baçaoui, A., & Yaacoubi, A. (2024) · Water Air & Soil Pollution · doi:10.1007/s11270-024-07183-5 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
Cultivating sustainability: Harnessing biochar-derived composites for carbon-neutral wastewater treatment
Kurniawan, T. A., Ali, S., Mohyuddin, A., Haider, A., Riaz, M., Khan, S., Othman, M. H. D., Goh, H. H., Anouzla, A., Aziz, F., et al. (2024) · Process Safety and Environmental Protection · doi:10.1016/j.psep.2024.04.040 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
The Removal and Mitigation Effects of Biochar on Microplastics in Water and Soils: Application and Mechanism Analysis
Li, W., Xing, Y., Guo, Y., Zhang, D., Tang, Y., Chen, J., Zhang, H., & Jiang, B. (2024) · Sustainability · doi:10.3390/su16229749 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
The adsorption mechanisms of oriental plane tree biochar toward bisphenol S: A combined thermodynamic evidence, spectroscopic analysis and theoretical calculations
Fang, Z., Gao, Y., Zhang, F., Zhu, K., Shen, Z., Liang, H., Xie, Y. E., Yu, C., Bao, Y., Feng, B., et al. (2022) · Environmental Pollution · doi:10.1016/j.envpol.2022.119819 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Engineered synthesis of Fe-Mn bimetallic anchored hierarchical bamboo-derived activated carbon: Dual-functional platform for ultrahigh-capacity phenol adsorption and high-energy supercapacitors
Pei, T., Yang, K., Wang, H., Yang, X., Xue, Y., Hou, D., Yang, F., Lu, Y., Liu, C., Lin, X., et al. (2025) · Chemical Engineering Journal · doi:10.1016/j.cej.2025.162439 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Removal of decabromodiphenyl ethane (DBDPE) by BC/nZVI in the soil: Kinetics, pathways and mechanisms
Lü, C., Wan, J., Cheng, X. J., Zhang, W., Lin, K., & Peng, C. (2021) · Journal of environmental chemical engineering · doi:10.1016/j.jece.2021.107004 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Adsorption/desorption characteristics of low-concentration semi-volatile organic compounds in vapor phase on activated carbon
Ma, X., Yang, L., Hou, Y., & Zhou, L. (2021) · Journal of Environmental Management · doi:10.1016/j.jenvman.2021.114360 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Biochar inoculated with Rhodococcus biphenylivorans altered microecological regulation by promoting quorum sensing and electron transfer: Up-regulation of related genes and enhancement of phenol and ammonia degradation
Ping, J., Liu, J., Dong, Y., Song, W., Xie, L., & Song, H. (2024) · Bioresource Technology · doi:10.1016/j.biortech.2024.130498 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Adsorption and mechanism study for phenol removal by 10% CO2 activated bio-char after acid or alkali pretreatment
Zhou, Y., Zhang, X., Deng, J., Li, C., Sun, K., Luo, X., & Yuan, S. (2023) · Journal of Environmental Management · doi:10.1016/j.jenvman.2023.119317 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Mechanisms of Phenol Adsorption on Banana Leaves and Coffee Husk Biochars
Lopez, M. A. R., Ferreira, G. M. D., Figueiredo, M. T. D., Ferreira, G. M. D., Franca, J. R., Penido, E. S., Ribeiro‐Soares, J., Longuinhos, R., & Mageste, A. B. (2025) · ACS Omega · doi:10.1021/acsomega.4c07665 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Physicochemical properties and performance of non-woody derived biochars for the sustainable removal of aquatic pollutants: A systematic review
Murtaza, G., Ahmed, Z., Usman, M., Iqbal, R., Zulfiqar, F., Tariq, A., & Ditta, A. (2024) · Chemosphere · doi:10.1016/j.chemosphere.2024.142368 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Practical role of oil palm fronds in Malaysia’s sustainable palm oil industry
Zakaria, M. R., Farid, M. A. A., Hafid, H. S., Andou, Y., & Hassan, M. A. (2024) · Industrial Crops and Products · doi:10.1016/j.indcrop.2024.119753 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Self-citation
Biochar from Grapevine Pruning Residues as an Efficient Adsorbent of Polyphenolic Compounds
Prelac, M., Palčić, I., Cvitan, D., Anđelini, D., Repajić, M., Ćurko, J., Kovačević, T. K., Ban, S. G., Užila, Z., Ban, D., et al. (2023) · Materials · doi:10.3390/ma16134716 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Magnetic reed biochar materials as adsorbents for aqueous copper and phenol removal
Zhang, X., Shu, X., Zhou, X., Zhou, C., Yang, P., Diao, M., Hu, H., Gan, X., Chen, Z., & Fan, C. (2022) · Environmental Science and Pollution Research · doi:10.1007/s11356-022-22474-2 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
“This may be due to the weak van der Waals force, and electrostatic attraction force are existed between the phenol and the surface of the magnetic reed biochar materials (Gupta and Balomajumder 2015; Lawal et al. 2021).”
Background
Pyrolyzed mesoporous activated carbon preparation from natural rubber common effluent biosludge: Characterization, isotherms, kinetics, thermodynamics, and ANN modeling during phenol adsorption
Roy, D., Roy, B., & Manna, A. K. (2023) · Groundwater for Sustainable Development · doi:10.1016/j.gsd.2023.101020 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Production of nanopore structure bio-adsorbent from wood waste through a self-sustained carbonization process for landfill leachate treatment
Samsudin, M. H., Hassan, M. A., Yusoff, M. Z. M., Idris, J., Farid, M. A. A., Lawal, A. A., Norrrahim, M. N. F., & Shirai, Y. (2022) · Biochemical Engineering Journal · doi:10.1016/j.bej.2022.108740 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Self-citation
Biochar/Delonix regia seed gum/chitosan composite as efficient adsorbent for the elimination of phenol from aqueous medium
Hassan, A. F., Awwad, N. S., Ibrahium, H. A., & El-kott, A. F. (2024) · International Journal of Biological Macromolecules · doi:10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.132771 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Synthesis and application of biochar and KOH-Activated carbon from olive mill solid waste for polyphenol removal
Rabichi, I., Ezzahi, K., Yaacoubi, F. E., Sekkouri, C., Bouzid, T., Ennaciri, K., Ounas, A., Fels, L. E., Hafidi, M., Baçaoui, A., et al. (2025) · Journal of Molecular Liquids · doi:10.1016/j.molliq.2025.126875 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Effective adsorption of tannic acid by porous dual crosslinked soy protein isolate-alginate hybrid spheres from aqueous solution
Liu, F., Long, Q., Gao, N., Peng, Q., Huo, Y., Chen, Y., Tang, Q., Huang, Q., Liu, M., & Chen, L. (2022) · Process Safety and Environmental Protection · doi:10.1016/j.cherd.2022.11.036 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Microwave-assisted one-pot preparation of magnetic cactus-derived hydrochar for efficient removal of lead(Ⅱ) and phenol from water: Performance and mechanism exploration
Qu, J., Du, Z., Lei, Y., Li, M., Peng, W., Wang, M., Liu, J., Hu, Q., Wang, L., Wang, Y., et al. (2023) · Bioresource Technology · doi:10.1016/j.biortech.2023.129789 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Machine learning prediction of biochar-specific surface area based on plant characterization information
Jiang, Z., Xia, Q., Lu, X., Yue, W., Chen, A., Liu, X., Chen, J., & Zhao, C. (2025) · Renewable Energy · doi:10.1016/j.renene.2025.122633 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Characteristics of ball-milled PET plastic char for the adsorption of different types of aromatic organic pollutants
Mun, H., Ri, C., Liu, Q., & Tang, J. (2022) · Environmental Science and Pollution Research · doi:10.1007/s11356-022-21143-8 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Characterization of amphoteric bentonite-loaded magnetic biochar and its adsorption properties for Cu 2+ and tetracycline
Deng, H., He, H., Li, W., Abbas, T., & Liu, Z. (2022) · PeerJ · doi:10.7717/peerj.13030 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
“The adsorption isotherm models of BC for phenol and tannic acid are multilayer and monolayer, respectively (Lawal et al., 2021).”
Background
Adsorption of Phenol Using Eucalyptus saligna Biochar Activated with NiCl2
Mesquita, M. D. S., Tanabe, E. H., & Bertuol, D. A. (2024) · Water Air & Soil Pollution · doi:10.1007/s11270-024-07049-w · Cited by 15 · see citing works
“Despite the fact that the biochars mentioned in the literature predominantly exhibited similar behavior (exothermic) to that of this study, a CO 2 -activated oil palm frond biochar may be more efficient in adsorp-tions at high temperatures (Lawal et al., 2021).”
Manufacturing and compatibilization of binary blends of superheated steam treated jute and poly (lactic acid) biocomposites by melt-blending technique
Alim, M. A., Moniruzzaman, M., Hossain, M. M., Wahiduzzaman, Repon, M. R., Hossain, I., & Jalil, M. A. (2022) · Heliyon · doi:10.1016/j.heliyon.2022.e09923 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
“The superheated steam (SHS) process is applied to PALF [5], oil palmmesocarp fiber (OPMF) [19, 30, 33], bamboo fiber [35, 36], oil palm empty fruit bunches (OPEFB) [32, 37] and oil palm frond fiber (OPF) [38] for the fabrication of biocomposites.”
Highly efficient removal of tannic acid from wastewater using biomimetic porous materials
Tang, B., Li, M., Liu, L., Li, K., Ma, J., Ma, J., & Zhang, H. (2024) · Environmental Research · doi:10.1016/j.envres.2024.118252 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Advancing Heavy Metal Removal from Industrial Wastewater Using Oil Palm Waste–Based Adsorbent: toward Efficient Adsorption and Commercialization
Hamzah, M. A. A. M., Yusof, N. B., Zaini, M. A. A., Zakaria, Z. A., Jaafar, J., & Misdan, N. (2025) · Current Pollution Reports · doi:10.1007/s40726-025-00381-7 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Functionalized biochar with enhanced interfacial properties for synergistic adsorption and photodegradation mechanisms of levofloxacin in industrial effluents
Haider, M. I. S., Liu, G., Yousaf, B., Arif, M., Ashraf, A., Safeer, R., Ijaz, S., & Liu, R. (2025) · Process Safety and Environmental Protection · doi:10.1016/j.psep.2025.107798 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Turning trash into tools: agricultural waste-derived biochars and composites for microplastic removal from wastewater
Chaudhary, R., Sangwan, G., Kumar, S., & Sharma, V. (2025) · RSC Sustainability · doi:10.1039/d5su00479a · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Efficient removal of hexavalent chromium (Cr(VI)) from wastewater using FeCl3-modified Chlorella-based biochar
Moon, S., Lee, C., Shin, G., & Park, S. (2023) · Korean Journal of Chemical Engineering · doi:10.1007/s11814-023-1545-5 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Investigation of phenol adsorption performance and mechanism using Na2EDTA-modified activated biochars produced from a fluidized bed pyrolysis system
Liu, L., Shi, S., Hu, H., & Huang, Y. (2024) · Biomass and Bioenergy · doi:10.1016/j.biombioe.2024.107164 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Study on the carbon sequestration performance and barrier mechanism of biochar cement-based vertical cutoff walls for phenol pollution in groundwater
Tang, W., Ye, C., Zhang, Q., Li, J., Ao, F., Zheng, B., & Luo, Y. (2024) · Journal of environmental chemical engineering · doi:10.1016/j.jece.2024.114560 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Chemical scavengers as probes for mechanistic elucidation in persulfate-based advanced oxidation processes: Insights into their accuracy and reliability
Manickavasagam, G., Bao, W., He, C., Zhou, T., & Oh, W.-D. (2026) · Separation and Purification Technology · doi:10.1016/j.seppur.2026.137193 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Reusable biochars derived from Camellia oleifera shell via K2CO3 activated for phenol-enhanced adsorption
Long, Y., Wen, J., Xu, B., Zeng, L., Zhu, L., Xiao, M., Lu, M., Wang, Z., & Deng, L. (2024) · Industrial Crops and Products · doi:10.1016/j.indcrop.2024.119263 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Soil sorption and effects on soil microorganisms of thymol and carvacrol monoterpenes from essential oils of aromatic plants
Thiele‐Bruhn, S., Shikuku, V. O., Dittrich, F., Torjir, D. N., Saini, M., & Getenga, Z. M. (2024) · Frontiers in Environmental Science · doi:10.3389/fenvs.2024.1379018 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Optimizing Biochar Preparation for Eco-friendly Adsorption of Polyphenols and Organic Compounds in Pilot-scale: an Application of Doehlert Designs
Rabichi, I., Yaacoubi, F. E., Sekkouri, C., Ezzahi, K., Ennaciri, K., Fels, L. E., Hafidi, M., Baçaoui, A., & Yaacoubi, A. (2024) · Biomass Conversion and Biorefinery · doi:10.1007/s13399-024-06031-0 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Phenol removal from pharmaceutical effluent using silver doped magnetite biochar: adsorption efficiency and kinetic studies
Mustapha, S. I., Muritala, K. B., Afolabi, A. M., Alhaji, M. H., Adewoye, T. L., & Aderibigbe, F. A. (2025) · Chemical Engineering Communications · doi:10.1080/00986445.2025.2519294 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Evaluating the efficacy of palm waste in adsorption processes for wastewater treatment: A review
Putra, N. R., Zaini, M. A. A., Zaini, A. S., Airlangga, B., Rizkiyah, D. N., Kusuma, H. S., Agustini, S. R., Abdullah, S., Yustisia, Y., Khairullah, I., et al. (2024) · The Canadian Journal of Chemical Engineering · doi:10.1002/cjce.25515 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Innovative Dynamic Filtration of Olive Mill Wastewater: Comparing the Efficiency of Biochar and Olive Stone
Ezzahi, K., Rabichi, I., Rochdi, N., Idouhli, R., Hafidi, M., Baçaoui, A., Yaacoubi, A., Rochdi, R., & Fels, L. E. (2025) · Water Air & Soil Pollution · doi:10.1007/s11270-025-08231-4 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
“Furthermore, the pyrolysis process used to produce BC significantly improved its adsorption properties, making it a superior material for TPC removal from OMWW (Lawal et al., 2021), (Albini et al., 2023; Kumar et al., 2021).”
Adsorption of RhB dye on soy protein isolate-based double network spheres: Compromise between the removal efficiency and the mechanical strength
Liu, F., Yang, Q., Tang, Q., Peng, Q., Chen, Y., Huo, Y., Huang, Q., Zuo, Q., Gao, N., & Chen, L. (2023) · Process Safety and Environmental Protection · doi:10.1016/j.cherd.2023.03.039 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Impact of External Conditions on the Desorption and Degradation Capacity of Biochar for Rhodamine B
Ao, C., Shan, M., Zhang, Y., Li, X., Kong, Y., Dong, X., Liu, Y., & Wu, D. (2025) · Molecules · doi:10.3390/molecules30081717 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
“For instance, biochar made from oil palm fronds can eliminate up to 93% of phenol and tannic acid within 900 min [11], with π - π interactions and hydrogen bonding being crucial in this process [12,13].”
Fast pyrolysis-derived Fe-N co-doped biochar for phenol adsorption: Insights into mechanisms from experimental and modeling study
Shi, X., Duan, Z., Chen, W., Tao, X., Wang, Y., Gong, C., Gao, S., Xu, L., Fang, Z., & Yang, H. (2025) · Energy · doi:10.1016/j.energy.2025.139429 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Valorization of Different Fractions from Butiá Pomace by Pyrolysis: H2 Generation and Use of the Biochars for CO2 Capture
Nunes, I. D. S., Schnorr, C. E., Perondi, D., Godinho, M., Diel, J. C., Machado, L. M. M., Nora, F. B. D., Silva, L. F. O., & Dotto, G. L. (2022) · Molecules · doi:10.3390/molecules27217515 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Graphene oxide enhanced Iron‑carbon aerogel electrodes for heterogeneous electro-Fenton oxidation of phenol
Lv, Z., Miao, J., Wei, X., Zhou, X., Zhang, N., Xu, H., & Peng, S. (2025) · Journal of Electroanalytical Chemistry · doi:10.1016/j.jelechem.2025.119084 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Adsorption of phenol by sugarcane biochar@bentonite
Chen, Y., Yu, C., Cai, X., & Yu, X. (2022) · Environmental Geotechnics · doi:10.1680/jenge.21.00119 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Biochar-based technology in water and wastewater treatment
Bayuo, J., Alayande, A. B., Mtei, K., & Rwiza, M. J. (2025) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-443-23662-4.00012-3 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Adsorbents Produced from Olive Mill Waste and Modified to Perform Phenolic Compound Removal
Rocha, K. D. O., Brandão, F., Mazierski, P., Gomes, J., Martins, R. C., & Domingues, E. (2024) · Water · doi:10.3390/w16172379 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Biochar nanoparticles in zinc epoxy coatings: Dual-function as conductive filler and inhibitor carrier for enhanced anticorrosive performance
Li, Z. Y., Qi, C., Bi, H., Fedel, M., & Dam‐Johansen, K. (2025) · Progress in Organic Coatings · doi:10.1016/j.porgcoat.2025.109358 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Microecological mechanisms of Trichoderma harzianum loaded-biochar in alleviating continuous cropping obstacles of Rehmannia glutinosa: Remodeling rhizosphere microbial communities and reducing allelochemical accumulation
Gan, T., Yuan, Z., Gustave, W., Lou, C., Zhao, X., Chen, H., Zhang, X., & He, F. (2025) · Applied Soil Ecology · doi:10.1016/j.apsoil.2025.106550 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Coffee pulp and husk-derived hydrochars and biochars adsorb polyphenols and pesticides from wastewater
Mukarunyana, B., Sundberg, C., Boman, C., Kabera, T., & Fick, J. B. (2026) · Environmental Technology & Innovation · doi:10.1016/j.eti.2025.104739 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Adsorption behavior of tannic acid on polyethylenimine-modified montmorillonite with different morphologies
Henriques, R. R., Shiguihara, A. L., Constantino, V. R. L., Soares, B. G., & Amim, J. (2022) · Polymer Bulletin · doi:10.1007/s00289-022-04550-2 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Environmental sustainability-based comparison for production, properties, and applications of biochar and hydrochar
Liu, M., Kavindi, G. A. G., & Lei, Z. (2023) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-323-91873-2.00012-1 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Preparation of dialdehyde cellulose cross-linked gelatin composites and study on removal of tannic acid from wastewater
Liu, F., Yang, M., Meng, J., Teng, W., Chen, T., Zhang, L., Zhao, H., & He, X. (2025) · International Journal of Biological Macromolecules · doi:10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2025.148240 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Simultaneous removal of ammonium, phosphate, and phenol via self-assembled biochar composites CBCZrOFe 3 O 4 and its utilization as soil acidity amelioration
Hidayat, E., Sarbani, N. M. M., Samitsu, S., Situngkir, Y. V., Lahiri, S. K., Yonemura, S., Mitoma, Y., & Harada, H. (2024) · Environmental Technology · doi:10.1080/09593330.2024.2362993 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
“In one study, Lawal et al. [32] showed a phenol adsorption capability of 62.89 mg/g using oil palm frond in the biochar.”
Influential
Synergetic effect of biochar and intermittent electricity stimulation on mitigating the adverse effects of tannic acid on anaerobic granular sludge in wastewater
Ni, J., Xu, Y., Jiang, K., Liu, L., Zhu, Y., Zou, X., Gao, Q., Feng, J., Wu, D., Yue, X., et al. (2024) · Journal of Water Process Engineering · doi:10.1016/j.jwpe.2024.105857 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Comparative study of raw Pinus sylvestris sawdust and its activated carbon for chemical oxygen demand and polyphenols removal from Olive Mill Wastewater
Elamraoui, S., Asdiou, N., Boumya, W., Billah, R. E. K., Achaby, M. E., Barka, N., Lamy, E., Alaoui, F. E. M., Chhiti, Y., Benhida, R., et al. (2025) · Biomass Conversion and Biorefinery · doi:10.1007/s13399-025-06814-z · Cited by 5 · see citing works
“The transmittance was substantially reduced for AC due to the increased hydroxyl functions on the AC surface [60].”
Removal of oil using styrene-modified apple pomace
Zhang, S., Li, Y., Ma, X., Lin, J. Y., & Chen, S. (2022) · Biomass Conversion and Biorefinery · doi:10.1007/s13399-022-02511-3 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
“Such wastes include corn straw [9, 10], banana trunk fibers [11], shaddock peel [12], populus seed fibers [13], oil palm leaves [14], kapok fiber [15, 16], wood [17], rice husk cellulosic fiber [18], sawdust [19], raw luffa [20], lignocellulosic delo-nix regia pods [21], and straw biomass [22].”
Construction of coal fly ash-based spherical grain adsorbents and their adsorption characteristics on phenolic compounds
Jia, X., Liu, Y. J., Yang, Z., Zhang, A., Liu, P., & Liu, Z. (2024) · Colloids and Surfaces C Environmental Aspects · doi:10.1016/j.colsuc.2024.100042 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Analysis of biochar activation benefits by post-activation characterisations and assessment of enhanced capacity through phenol adsorption from wastewater: a critical review
Roy, D., Manna, M. S., & Manna, A. K. (2025) · International Journal of Environmental & Analytical Chemistry · doi:10.1080/03067319.2025.2583384 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Enhanced phenol adsorption on Fe-N co-doped biochar: Experimental and simulation insights into the formation mechanism
Shi, X., Ma, W., Chen, W., Tao, X., Gong, C., Gao, S., Xu, L., & Fang, Z. (2025) · Separation and Purification Technology · doi:10.1016/j.seppur.2025.136689 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Recent progress on carbonaceous materials and their composites as adsorbents for phenolic pollutants: A review
Ahmed, M. J., Anastopoulos, I. P., Marrakchi, F., & Manariotis, I. D. (2026) · Journal of Analytical and Applied Pyrolysis · doi:10.1016/j.jaap.2026.107629 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Green synthesis of a highly efficient phenol composite adsorbent based on urea/magnesium nitrate co-activated biochar: adsorption performance and mechanism analysis
Wu, J., Li, K., Zhao, Z., Wang, W., & Wang, D. (2026) · Separation and Purification Technology · doi:10.1016/j.seppur.2026.137891 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
From tomato peel waste to functional magnetic biochar: Recyclable adsorbent for efficient phenol removal from wastewater
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“Renewable biomasses have been widely researched as a raw material for obtaining biochar (Borba et al., 2019; Dong et al., 2020; Gwenzi et al., 2020; Lawal et al., 2021; Pozo et al., 2021; Patra et al., 2021; Olu-Owolabi et al., 2021) and as a filter for pollutants.”
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One-step steam pyrolysis for the production of mesoporous biochar from oil palm frond to effectively remove phenol in facultatively treated palm oil mill effluent
Lawal, A. A., Hassan, M. A., Farid, M. A. A., Yasim‐Anuar, T. A. T., Yusoff, M. Z. M., Zakaria, M. R., Roslan, A. M., Mokhtar, M. N., & Shirai, Y. (2020) · Environmental Technology & Innovation · doi:10.1016/j.eti.2020.100730 · Cited by 54 · see citing works
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Evaluation of pyrolyzed oil palm frond in the adsorption of residual phenolic compounds in facultatively treated palm oil mill effluent
Lawal, A. A., Dzivama, A. U., Aviara, N. A., Hassan, M. A., Zakaria, M. R., & Shirai, Y. (2022) · ARID ZONE JOURNAL OF ENGINEERING TECHNOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENT
Self-citation
The Potential of Oil Palm Frond Biochar for the Adsorption of Residual Pollutants from Real Latex Industrial Wastewater
Sutarut, P., Cheirsilp, B., & Boonsawang, P. (2023) · International Journal of Environmental Research · doi:10.1007/s41742-022-00503-9 · Cited by 7 · see citing works

Authors: Lawal, A. A., Hassan, M. A., Ahmad Farid, M. A., Tengku Yasim-Anuar, T. A., Samsudin, M. H., Mohd Yusoff, M. Z., Zakaria, M. R., Mokhtar, M. N., & Shirai, Y.
Affiliations: Universiti Putra Malaysia (MY)
Kyushu Institute of Technology (JP)
Corresponding author: Hassan, Mohd Ali
ORCID: Lawal, Abubakar Abdullahi
Hassan, Mohd Ali
Samsudin, Mohd Hafif
Mohd Yusoff, Mohd Zulkhairi
Zakaria, Mohd Rafein
Mokhtar, Mohd Noriznan
Shirai, Yoshihito
Venue: Environmental Pollution
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Published: 2021-01
Volume: 269
Pages: 116197
ISSN: 0269-7491 (ISSN-L)
DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2020.116197
OpenAlex: W3112544394
Cited by: 133
References: 56
Citations by year: 2026: 16 · 2025: 29 · 2024: 28 · 2023: 16 · 2022: 32 · 2021: 11 · 2018: 1
FWCI: 4.53
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Licence: www.elsevier.com/tdm/userlicense/1.0/ (tdm)
www.elsevier.com/legal/tdmrep-license (tdm)
Locations: Environmental Pollution (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Universiti Putra Malaysia Institutional Repository (Universiti Putra Malaysia) (submittedVersion)
Funders: Ministry of Higher Education, Malaysia
Topics: Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Water Science and Technology › Adsorption and biosorption for pollutant removal
Physical Sciences › Engineering › Biomedical Engineering › Thermochemical Biomass Conversion Processes
Physical Sciences › Engineering › Biomedical Engineering › Environmental remediation with nanomaterials
Keywords: biochar, oil palm fronds, steam pyrolysis, phenol adsorption, adsorption mechanism, Freundlich isotherm, Langmuir isotherm, biomass-derived adsorbents, wastewater treatment, phenolic compounds, adsorption capacity
MeSH terms: Pyrolysis, Adsorption, Charcoal, Kinetics, Phenols, Steam, Tannins, Water Pollutants, Chemical, Phenol

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Adsorption mechanism and effectiveness of phenol and tannic acid removal by biochar produced from oil palm frond using steam pyrolysis

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