The Art, Science, and Technology of Charcoal Production
Abstract
In this review, we summarize the knowledge of the production and properties of charcoal that has been accumulated over the past 38 millenia. The manipulation of pressure, moisture content, and gas flow enables biomass carbonization with fixed-carbon yields that approach or attain the theoretical limit after reaction times of a few tens of minutes. Much of the heat needed to carbonize the feed is released by vigorous, exothermic secondary reactions that reduce the formation of unwanted tars by augmenting the charcoal yield in a well-designed carbonizer. As a renewable fuel, charcoal has many attractive features: it contains virtually no sulfur or mercury and is low in nitrogen and ash; it is highly reactive yet easy to store and handle. Carbonized charcoal can be a good adsorbent with a large surface area and a semimetal with an electrical resistivity comparable to that of graphite. Recent advances in knowledge about the production and properties of charcoal presage its expanded use as a renewable fuel, reductant, adsorbent, and soil amendment.
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H/C ratio <0.3 and O/C ratio <0.1 suggests loss of hydroxyl and carboxylic functional groups during pyrolysis.
“The H/C ratio of < 0.3 and O/C ratio of < 0.1 suggests loss of hydroxyl and carboxylic functional groups losses during pyrolysis (Antal and Grønli, 2003).”
From Remediation of an acidic mine spoil: Miscanthus biochar and lime amendment affects metal availability, plant growth, and soil enzyme activity (2018) · cites this paper as Antal and Grønli, 2003
High-temperature biochars consequently have lesser reactivity in soils than low-temperature biochars, which tend to have a better impact on soil fertility.
“High-temperature biochars consequently have lesser reactivity in soils than lowertemperature biochars, which tend to have a better impact on soil fertility (Antal and Grønli 2003;Steinbeiss et al. 2009).”
From Biochar physicochemical properties: pyrolysis temperature and feedstock kind effects (2020) · cites this paper as Antal and Grønli 2003
This biochar type sequesters soil C, however, not to the same extent as high-temperature biochar.
“Furthermore, this biochar type sequesters soil C, however, not to the same extent as high-temperature biochar (Antal and Grønli 2003).”
From Biochar physicochemical properties: pyrolysis temperature and feedstock kind effects (2020) · cites this paper as Antal and Grønli 2003
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- Authors
- Antal, M. J., & Grønli, M.
- Affiliations
- University of Hawaiʻi at Mānoa (US)
- SINTEF Energy Research (NO)
- ORCID
- Grønli, Morten
- Venue
- Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research
- Publisher
- American Chemical Society (ACS)
- Published
- 2003-03-14
- Volume
- 42
- Issue
- 8
- Pages
- 1619-1640
- ISSN
- 0888-5885 (ISSN-L)
- 1520-5045
- OpenAlex
- W2170401055
- Cited by
- 1,623
- References
- 182
- Citations by year
- 2026: 76 · 2025: 85 · 2024: 85 · 2023: 87 · 2022: 97 · 2021: 109 · 2020: 107 · 2019: 100 · 2018: 100 · 2017: 105 · 2016: 105 · 2015: 90 · 2014: 99 · 2013: 85 · 2012: 89
- FWCI
- 4.72
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Biomedical Engineering › Thermochemical Biomass Conversion Processes
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Pollution › Energy and Environment Impacts
- Physical Sciences › Energy › Fuel Technology › Coal and Coke Industries Research
- Keywords
- charcoal production, biomass carbonization, side reactions, tar removal, renewable fuels, adsorbents, electrical resistivity, soil amendment, reducing agents, charcoal properties
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