Perspective of Spirulina Culture with Wastewater into a Sustainable Circular Bioeconomy
Abstract
Spirulina biomass accounts for 30% of the total algae biomass production globally. In conventional process of Spirulina biomass production, cultivation using chemical-based culture medium contributes 35% of the total production cost. Moreover, the environmental impact of cultivation stage is the highest among all the production stages which resulted from the extensive usage of chemicals and nutrients. Thus, various types of culture medium such as chemical-based, modified, and alternative culture medium with highlights on wastewater medium is reviewed on the recent advances of culture media for Spirulina cultivation. Further study is needed in modifying or exploring alternative culture media utilising waste, wastewater, or by-products from industrial processes to ensure the sustainability of environment and nutrients source for cultivation in the long term. Moreover, the current development of utilising wastewater medium only support the growth of Spirulina however it cannot eliminate the negative impacts of wastewater. In fact, the recent developments in coupling with wastewater treatment technology can eradicate the negative impacts of wastewater while supporting the growth of Spirulina. The application of Spirulina cultivation in wastewater able to resolve the global environmental pollution issues, produce value added product and even generate green electricity. This would benefit the society, business, and environment in achieving a sustainable circular bioeconomy.
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Global wastewater production rate is 400 km3/year, with domestic sectors accounting for 70% and manufacturing sectors contributing 30%.
“As the world’s population reaches 8 billion in 2023, the demand for fresh water, food, and energy has led to a global wastewater production rate of 400 km3/year [203,204]. Domestic sectors account for 70% of this, while manufacturing sectors contribute the remaining 30%.”
From Emerging Applications of Chlorella sp. and Spirulina (Arthrospira) sp. (2023) · cites this paper as [203]
Chlorella sp. and Spirulina (Arthrospira) sp. can treat many types of wastewaters, including municipal, aquaculture, swine, olive oil milling, distillery, confectionary, brine tapioca, tofu, rubber, paper mill, dye wastewaters, agricultural run-offs, and groundwaters.
“Many examples of wastewater treatment by Chlorella sp. and Spirulina (Arthrospira) sp. have been published, as these can treat many types of wastewaters, including municipal, aquaculture, swine, olive oil milling, distillery, confectionary, brine tapioca, tofu, rubber, paper mill, dye wastewaters, agricultural run-offs, and groundwaters [203,209,210,211,212].”
From Emerging Applications of Chlorella sp. and Spirulina (Arthrospira) sp. (2023) · cites this paper as [203]
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- Authors
- Lim, H. R., Khoo, K. S., Chew, K. W., Chang, C.-K., Munawaroh, H. S. H., Kumar, P. S., Huy, N. D., & Show, P. L.
- Affiliations
- University of Nottingham (GB)
- Xiamen University Malaysia (MY)
- Yuan Ze University (TW)
- Indonesia University of Education (ID)
- Sri Sivasubramaniya Nadar College of Engineering (IN)
- Corresponding author
- Show, Pau Loke
- ORCID
- Venue
- Environmental Pollution
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2021-09
- Volume
- 284
- Pages
- 117492
- ISSN
- 0269-7491 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W3172123446
- Cited by
- 144
- References
- 99
- Citations by year
- 2026: 18 · 2025: 34 · 2024: 33 · 2023: 26 · 2022: 28 · 2021: 5
- FWCI
- 4.31
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Licence
- Locations
- Environmental Pollution (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- University of Nottingham - Malaysia Campus
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Energy › Renewable Energy, Sustainability and the Environment › Algal biology and biofuel production
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Waste Management and Disposal › Wastewater Treatment and Reuse
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Environmental Chemistry › Aquatic Ecosystems and Phytoplankton Dynamics
- Keywords
- Spirulina, culture media, alternative culture media, circular bioeconomy, wastewater treatment, algal biomass production, nutrient recovery, industrial by-products, green electricity
- MeSH terms
- Culture Media, Biomass, Spirulina, Microalgae, Wastewater
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