A Review on TSO-DSO Coordination Models and Solution Techniques
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“Furthermore, the literature suggests that the DSO could also use DER services by procuring flexibility from the central market for distribution-related purposes such as mitigating distribution networks issues (operation) or even for investment deferral (planning) [5, 6, 8, 13, 17-19, 22, 29, 31].”
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“Only a few papers consider extra flexibility brought by devices such as OLTCs on their solution techniques [22, 35, 37-40 , Based on the above, it is possible to identify trends and gaps on the literature of TSO-DSO coordination models.”
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“Only a few papers consider extra flexibility brought by devices such as OLTCs on their solution techniques [22, 35, 37-40 , Based on the above, it is possible to identify trends and gaps on the literature of TSO-DSO coordination models.”
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TSO–DSO interaction: Active distribution network power chart for TSO ancillary services provision
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“In [35, 37-39, 44, 45], the validation (Fig.”
DSO-TSO cooperation issues and solutions for distribution grid congestion management
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“The DSO acts as the central coordinator of DER [1, 5, 7, 9, 14, 16, 17, 20, 21, 23-26, 28, 34-42], validating bids and providing them to the TSO as an aggregated volume of services [1, 7, 9, 20, 21, 41].”
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“3 is captured by the techniques presented in [23-26, 28] using From a scalability perspective, solution techniques need to ensure that TSOs and/or DSOs will be able to solve validation and dispatch problems on ultra large or large networks.”
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“3 is captured by the techniques presented in [23-26, 28] using From a scalability perspective, solution techniques need to ensure that TSOs and/or DSOs will be able to solve validation and dispatch problems on ultra large or large networks.”
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“The concept of having a DSO to manage DER services is similar to that of transactive energy [15].”
Estimation of the flexibility range in the transmission-distribution boundary
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“Only a few papers consider extra flexibility brought by devices such as OLTCs on their solution techniques [22, 35, 37-40 , Based on the above, it is possible to identify trends and gaps on the literature of TSO-DSO coordination models.”
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“The distribution-level market is cleared before DER bids are sent to the TSO market [5, 16-20 , 43 ].”
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“The corresponding problems were formulated using single-phase AC OPF for MV distribution networks [22-26, 28] , In the TSO-DSO hybrid-managed model, the system dispatch is under the TSO responsibility and the validation of DER services bids is done by the DSO.”
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“This new role is commonly associated with the term Distribution System Operator (DSO) and has as objective the efficient facilitation of DER services by making the most of the existing infrastructure without compromising distribution network integrity [11-14].”
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“Furthermore, the literature suggests that the DSO could also use DER services by procuring flexibility from the central market for distribution-related purposes such as mitigating distribution networks issues (operation) or even for investment deferral (planning) [5, 6, 8, 13, 17-19, 22, 29, 31].”
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“The distribution-level market is cleared before DER bids are sent to the TSO market [5, 16-20 , 43 ].”
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“Furthermore, the literature suggests that the DSO could also use DER services by procuring flexibility from the central market for distribution-related purposes such as mitigating distribution networks issues (operation) or even for investment deferral (planning) [5, 6, 8, 13, 17-19, 22, 29, 31].”
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Τσαούσογλου, Γ., Giraldo, J. S., & Paterakis, N. G. (2021) · Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.rser.2021.111890 · Cited by 133 · see citing works
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“Similarly, the interaction between TSOs and distribution system operators (DSOs) is likely to intensify and some con‐ trol approaches for this interaction were proposed [34].”
BackgroundChen, Y., Pan, F., Qiu, F., et al. (2022) · IEEE Transactions on Power Systems · doi:10.1109/tpwrs.2022.3213001 · Cited by 104 · see citing works
“The distributed transmission system operator (TSO) and distribution system operator (DSO) coordination approaches have been studied in the literature [117], [118], [119], [120].”
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Integrated Transmission and Distribution System Expansion Planning Under Uncertainty
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Evaluation of Aggregated EV Flexibility With TSO-DSO Coordination
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“Three major TSO-DSO coordination models are identified by [8]: A TSO-managed model where the TSO dispatches DER considering both transmission and distribution network constraints, TSO-DSO hybridmanaged model where TSO dispatches DER and DSO validates DER service to ensure distribution network operation, and DSOmanaged…”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialWen, Y., Hu, Z., He, J., & Guo, Y. (2023) · IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid · doi:10.1109/tsg.2023.3340157 · Cited by 66 · see citing works
“Since distribution and transmission networks are interconnected and adjustments in one can affect the other, it is imperative for power system operators to coordinate the transmission and distribution networks to ensure the security and economic efficiency of the entire system [2], [3].”
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Heymann, F., Quest, H., Garcia, T., Ballif, C., & Galus, M. D. (2023) · Energy and AI · doi:10.1016/j.egyai.2023.100322 · Cited by 66 · see citing works
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Market-based TSO-DSO coordination for enhanced flexibility services provision
Vagropoulos, S. I., Biskas, P. N., & Bakirtzis, A. G. (2022) · Electric Power Systems Research · doi:10.1016/j.epsr.2022.107883 · Cited by 55 · see citing works
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“Energy Resources (DERs) fed by RES may create [5], [6].”
BackgroundSuccess of local flexibility market implementation: A review of current projects
Rebenaque, O., Schmitt, C., Schumann, K., et al. (2023) · Utilities Policy · doi:10.1016/j.jup.2023.101491 · Cited by 53 · see citing works
Distributed energy resource management systems— DERMS : State of the art and how to move forward
Strezoski, L. V. (2022) · Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews Energy and Environment · doi:10.1002/wene.460 · Cited by 53 · see citing works
“In Givisiez et al. (2020), three models for TSO-DSO coordination are discussed, along with their advantages and disadvantages.”
BackgroundInfluentialNon-Iterative Solution for Coordinated Optimal Dispatch via Equivalent Projection—Part I: Theory
Tan, Z., Yan, Z., Zhong, H., et al. (2023) · IEEE Transactions on Power Systems · doi:10.1109/tpwrs.2023.3258066 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
“In the literature, applications of the coordinated optimization are studied for different problems, e.g., multi-regional economic dispatch [17], market integration of multiple regions [18], transmission-distribution system coordination [19], and coordinated dispatch of multi-energy systems [20].”
BackgroundUzum, B., Yoldaş, Y., Bahçeci, S., et al. (2023) · Electric Power Systems Research · doi:10.1016/j.epsr.2023.109976 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
Characterizing flexibility in power markets and systems
Kara, G., Tomasgård, A., & Farahmand, H. (2022) · Utilities Policy · doi:10.1016/j.jup.2022.101349 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
Tracing, Ranking and Valuation of Aggregated DER Flexibility in Active Distribution Networks
Churkin, A., Kong, W., Gutiérrez, J. N. M., Ceseña, E. A. M., & Mancarella, P. (2023) · IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid · doi:10.1109/tsg.2023.3296981 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
“In this regard, multiple TSO-DSO coordination schemes and flexibility market designs have been proposed to enable flexible power trading between distribution and transmission systems [3], [4], [5], [6], [7].”
BackgroundAn electricity and carbon trading mechanism integrated with TSO-DSO-prosumer coordination
Li, J., Ge, S., Liu, H., et al. (2023) · Applied Energy · doi:10.1016/j.apenergy.2023.122328 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
Sarstedt, M., Kluß, L., Gerster, J., et al. (2021) · Energies · doi:10.3390/en14030687 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
“A taxonomy and overview of hierarchical, also known as vertical-distributed, TSO/DSO coordination schemes are provided in [10,11], respectively.”
BackgroundTSO/DSO Coordination for RES Integration: A Systematic Literature Review
Alazemi, T., Darwish, M. M., & Radi, M. (2022) · Energies · doi:10.3390/en15197312 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
Xu, X. M., Qiu, Z., Zhang, T. L., et al. (2024) · Journal of Modern Power Systems and Clean Energy · doi:10.35833/mpce.2023.000742 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
A coordinated scheme for transmission and distribution expansion planning: A Tri-level approach
El-Meligy, M. A., Sharaf, M. A. F., & Soliman, A. T. A. (2021) · Electric Power Systems Research · doi:10.1016/j.epsr.2021.107274 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
TSO-DSO Coordination Schemes to Facilitate Distributed Resources Integration
Najibi, F., Apostolopoulou, D., & Alonso, E. (2021) · Sustainability · doi:10.3390/su13147832 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
Li, Z., Liu, M., Xie, M., et al. (2022) · International Journal of Electrical Power & Energy Systems · doi:10.1016/j.ijepes.2022.108316 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
Review of Methodologies for the Assessment of Feasible Operating Regions at the TSO–DSO Interface
Papazoglou, G. K., & Biskas, P. N. (2022) · Energies · doi:10.3390/en15145147 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
A novel two-stage TSO–DSO coordination approach for managing congestion and voltages
Usman, M., Alizadeh, M. I., Capitanescu, F., Avramidis, I.-I., & Madureira, A. (2022) · International Journal of Electrical Power & Energy Systems · doi:10.1016/j.ijepes.2022.108887 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
Pearson, S., Wellnitz, S., del Granado, P. C., et al. (2022) · Applied Energy · doi:10.1016/j.apenergy.2022.119905 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
TSO-DSO Operational Planning Coordination Through “$l_1-$Proximal” Surrogate Lagrangian Relaxation
Bragin, M. A., & Dvorkin, Y. (2021) · IEEE Transactions on Power Systems · doi:10.1109/tpwrs.2021.3101220 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
“In this paper, it is also assumed that DERs are located at the DSO level, so the model is “DSO-managed” following the definition within [40].”
BackgroundMethodCoordination of DERs and Flexible Loads to Support Transmission Voltages in Emergency Conditions
Escobar, F., Víquez, J. M., Garcia, J. A., et al. (2022) · IEEE Transactions on Sustainable Energy · doi:10.1109/tste.2022.3154716 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
“This motivates the TSOs to coordinate with Distribution System Operators (DSOs) to exploit the resources available in the Distribution Networks (DNs) for ancillary services [2], [3].”
MethodSarstedt, M., & Hofmann, L. (2022) · IEEE Access · doi:10.1109/access.2022.3140871 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
“The DSO is managing the TSO/DSO-coordination and has to guarantee this change during operational management [12], [58].”
BackgroundZhang, X., Shin, D., Son, Y., Woo, H., Kim, S.-Y., & Choi, S. (2022) · IEEE Transactions on Sustainable Energy · doi:10.1109/tste.2022.3230774 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
“Since the DSO-managed model is used in this work, it is reasonable that the DSO is the aggregator of EVs [2].”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialBadanjak, D., & Pandžić, H. (2021) · Energies · doi:10.3390/en14206622 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
“As this is somewhat generalization of the five methods explained above, other details won’t be listed, but they are explained in [90].”
BackgroundMethodComputing Cost Curves of Active Distribution Grids Aggregated Flexibility for TSO-DSO Coordination
Capitanescu, F. (2023) · IEEE Transactions on Power Systems · doi:10.1109/tpwrs.2023.3328156 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
“Many coordination mechanisms for scheduling active and reactive power flows at TSO-DSO interface have been explored [2].”
BackgroundHomaee, O., Najafi, A., Jasiński, M., Τσαούσογλου, Γ., & Leonowicz, Z. M. (2022) · IEEE Transactions on Sustainable Energy · doi:10.1109/tste.2022.3212004 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
“In this model, DERs are generally managed by the TSO and under the supervision of the DSO; Such coordination schemes and relevant propositions, are reviewed and discussed in [21].”
MethodHabibi, M., Vahidinasab, V., & Sepasian, M. S. (2021) · IET Generation Transmission & Distribution · doi:10.1049/gtd2.12286 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Weng, Y., Xie, J., Wang, P., et al. (2022) · IEEE Transactions on Power Systems · doi:10.1109/tpwrs.2022.3193052 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
“To make the most of such distributed energy resources (DERs) while maintaining secure operations of the systems, proper TSO-DSO coordination is crucial [1].”
BackgroundQuickFlex: a Fast Algorithm for Flexible Region Construction for the TSO-DSO Coordination
Lopez, L., González-Castellanos, A., Pozo, D., et al. (2021) · International Conference on Smart Energy Systems and Technologies (SEST) · doi:10.1109/sest50973.2021.9543349 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
“The feasible operating region in a distribution network indicates the region where active and reactive power exchanges can be operated without violating the steady-state network’s grid limits [10].”
BackgroundGarcía-Muñoz, F., Ivanova, A., Montané, J. F., Serrano, M., & Corchero, C. (2023) · Electric Power Systems Research · doi:10.1016/j.epsr.2023.109386 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Borozan, S., & Štrbac, G. (2024) · IEEE Transactions on Sustainable Energy · doi:10.1109/tste.2024.3468992 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Real-Time Coordination of Transmission and Distribution Networks via Nash Bargaining Solution
Wang, S., Sun, B., Tan, X., et al. (2021) · IEEE Transactions on Sustainable Energy · doi:10.1109/tste.2021.3087130 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
The growth of distributed generation and associated challenges: A Great Britain case study
Gordon, S., McGarry, C., & Bell, K. R. W. (2022) · IET Renewable Power Generation · doi:10.1049/rpg2.12416 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
TSO-DSO Operational Coordination Using a Look-Ahead Multi-Interval Framework
Bakhtiari, H., Hesamzadeh, M. R., & Bunn, D. W. (2022) · IEEE Transactions on Power Systems · doi:10.1109/tpwrs.2022.3219581 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
“In particular, the TSO needs to react, and ideally anticipate, the activations of flexibility resources by the DSO, but in practice the TSOs have limited visibility of the state of the distribution networks [3].”
BackgroundMethodA hierarchy model to use local resources by DSO and TSO in the balancing market
Khojasteh, M., Faria, P., Lezama, F., & Vale, Z. (2022) · Energy · doi:10.1016/j.energy.2022.126461 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Two-Stage TSO-DSO Services Provision Framework for Electric Vehicle Coordination
Wang, Y., Qiu, D., Teng, F., et al. (2024) · IEEE Transactions on Power Systems · doi:10.1109/tpwrs.2024.3510653 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
“Notethat there are three types of models that can be used for TSO-DSO interactions, i.e., TSO-managed, TSO-DSO hybrid-managed, and DSO-managed models [27].”
Distributed flexibility to maintain security margin through decentralised TSO–DSO coordination
Nikkhah, S., Rabiee, A., Soroudi, A., et al. (2022) · International Journal of Electrical Power & Energy Systems · doi:10.1016/j.ijepes.2022.108735 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
“Therefore, system security is a challenge that questions the effectiveness of available TSO-DSO co-101 ordination models [4].”
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“Great progress has been achieved for the coordinated design between transmission and distribution in the energy market [24]–[26].”
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Challenges and applications of hosting capacity analysis in DER-rich power systems
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Values and impacts of incorporating local flexibility services in transmission expansion planning
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Talaeizadeh, V., Shayanfar, H., & Aghaei, J. (2023) · International Journal of Electrical Power & Energy Systems · doi:10.1016/j.ijepes.2023.109386 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Identifying Secure Operating Ranges for DER Control Using Bilevel Optimization
Girigoudar, K., & Roald, L. (2023) · IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid · doi:10.1109/tsg.2023.3329726 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
“The role and responsibilities of such aggregators have been discussed in [2], [3], [4].”
BackgroundDai, X., Guo, Y., Jiang, Y., et al. (2024) · Electric Power Systems Research · doi:10.1016/j.epsr.2024.110627 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
“(Corresponding author: Yuning Jiang) distribution systems (ITD) becomes essential for efficiently operating future power systems [2], [3].”
BackgroundOgundairo, O., Hasan, M. S., Kamalasadan, S., et al. (2024) · IEEE Transactions on Industry Applications · doi:10.1109/tia.2024.3395588 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
“In addition, an in-depth analysis of various TSO-DSO coordination models and techniques has been presented in [11], including challenges associated with three fundamental coordination models, namely TSO-managed, DSO-managed, and TSO-DSO hybrid.”
Hybrid European MV–LV Network Models for Smart Distribution Network Modelling
Deakin, M., Greenwood, D., Walker, S. L., & Taylor, P. (2021) · IEEE PowerTech Conference · doi:10.1109/powertech46648.2021.9494860 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
“Domestic-scale DERs (such as heat pumps and electric vehicles) often have large power and energy requirements, and have therefore been proposed to provide valuable flexibility services at scales well above the LV level at which they are connected [2].”
BackgroundResultInfluentialGutierrez‐Lagos, L., Petrou, K., & Ochoa, L. F. (2021) · IET Generation Transmission & Distribution · doi:10.1049/gtd2.12152 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
“While this information exchange might be challenging in different countries/regions, it is a necessary step towards achieving larger volumes of services without affecting distribution network integrity, similar to what needs to be done between transmission and distribution [32].”
BackgroundSelf-citationKhodabakhsh, R., Haghifam, M., & Sheikh‐El‐Eslami, M. K. (2023) · Sustainable Energy Grids and Networks · doi:10.1016/j.segan.2023.101000 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Avramidis, I.-I., Capitanescu, F., Evangelopoulos, V. A., Georgilakis, P. S., & Deconinck, G. (2021) · IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid · doi:10.1109/tsg.2021.3112925 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Resener, M., Venkatesh, B., Ferraz, B. P., Haffner, S. L., Balbinot, A., & Pereira, L. A. (2022) · IEEE Transactions on Power Systems · doi:10.1109/tpwrs.2022.3228838 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
“THE increasing presence of distributed energy resources (DERs) has modified the role of distribution system operators (DSOs) [1].”
BackgroundRobust flexibility needs assessment with bid matching framework for distribution network operators
Hashmi, M. U., Koirala, A., Ergun, H., et al. (2023) · Sustainable Energy Grids and Networks · doi:10.1016/j.segan.2023.101069 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Model-Free Aggregation for Virtual Power Plants Using Input Convex Neural Networks
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Developing Enhanced TSO-DSO Information and Data Exchange Based on a Novel Use Case Methodology
Radi, M., Taylor, G. A., Cantenot, J., Lambert, E., & Suljanović, N. (2021) · Frontiers in Energy Research · doi:10.3389/fenrg.2021.670573 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
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Impacts of Distribution Network Reconfiguration on Aggregated DER Flexibility
Churkin, A., Sánchez-López, M., Alizadeh, M. I., et al. (2023) · doi:10.1109/powertech55446.2023.10202791 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Coupling energy management of power systems with energy hubs through TSO-DSO coordination: a review
Bagherzadeh, L., Kamwa, I., & Delavari, A. (2024) · International Journal of Emerging Electric Power Systems · doi:10.1515/ijeeps-2023-0416 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Enhancing energy and flexibility joint market clearing mechanism through TSO-DSO coordination
Talaeizadeh, V., Shayanfar, H. A., & Aghaei, J. (2024) · Electric Power Systems Research · doi:10.1016/j.epsr.2024.111162 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Analysis of Impacts in Electric Power Grids Due to the Integration of Distributed Energy Resources
Sáenz, E. M., Gómez-Luna, E., Guerrero, J. M., et al. (2025) · Energies · doi:10.3390/en18030745 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Challenges of TSO-DSO Voltage Regulation Under Real-Time Data Exchange Paradigm
Degefa, M. Z., Lundkvist, H., Sánchez, S., et al. (2023) · IEEE Open Journal of the Industrial Electronics Society · doi:10.1109/ojies.2023.3239946 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
“The models of coordination between TSO and DSO are evolving, a recent review can be found in [3].”
BackgroundXie, D., Liu, M., Xu, L., et al. (2021) · International Journal of Electrical Power & Energy Systems · doi:10.1016/j.ijepes.2021.107762 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Assessment of TSO-DSO Coordination to Enhance Flexible Grid Operation
Zahraoui, Y., Pokhrel, B. R., Oļeiņikova, I., & Gros, S. (2025) · Current Sustainable/Renewable Energy Reports · doi:10.1007/s40518-025-00269-6 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
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A methodology for improved TSO-DSO coordination in grid operation planning
Ringelstein, J., Vogt, M., Khavari, A., et al. (2022) · Electric Power Systems Research · doi:10.1016/j.epsr.2022.108445 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Ospina, J., Fobes, D., Bent, R. W., et al. (2023) · IEEE Transactions on Power Systems · doi:10.1109/tpwrs.2023.3234725 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
“The review paper in [9] presents a comprehensive review of the advantages, disadvantages, and challenges behind three core TSO-DSO coordination models (i.”
BackgroundAn Effective Method to Estimate the Aggregated Flexibility at Distribution Level
Savvopoulos, N., & Hatziargyriou, N. D. (2023) · IEEE Access · doi:10.1109/access.2023.3262730 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
“Transmission System Operators (TSOs) [4], [5], [6], and well-functioning flexibility markets to properly remunerate”
BackgroundLazović, Đ., & Đurišić, Ž. R. (2023) · Energies · doi:10.3390/en16083440 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Niewiadomski, W., & Baczyńska, A. (2021) · Energies · doi:10.3390/en14175439 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
“Detailed descriptions of the different coordination schemes and their advantages and disadvantages may be found in [4,17,18].”
BackgroundSuprême, H., Montigny, M. D., Dione, M. M., et al. (2024) · Electric Power Systems Research · doi:10.1016/j.epsr.2024.110635 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
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Approximate Dynamic Programming With Feasibility Guarantees
Engelmann, A., Bandeira, M. B., & Faulwasser, T. (2025) · IEEE Transactions on Control of Network Systems · doi:10.1109/tcns.2025.3526715 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
“This structure is exploited in many flexibility aggregation approaches [39], [40], [41], [42], [43], [44], [45], [46], [47], [48], [49], [97], [98], which we aim to generalize with our work.”
Towards holonic power and energy systems – A novel ICT architecture as enabler for resilience
Rehtanz, C., Ulbig, A., Palaniappan, R., Faulwasser, T., Saidi, S., Schmeink, A., & Wietfeld, C. (2024) · International Journal of Electrical Power & Energy Systems · doi:10.1016/j.ijepes.2024.110283 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
A robust unit commitment-based TSO-DSO coordination scheme for optimal generation scheduling
Mahmoud, H. A., & Abdelgawad, A. (2025) · Electric Power Systems Research · doi:10.1016/j.epsr.2025.111512 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Participation of DERs at Transmission Level: FERC Order No.2222 and TSO-DSO Coordination
Trivedi, R. R., Vijay, R., Sharma, S., et al. (2023) · IEEE PES Conference on Innovative Smart Grid Technologies - Middle East (ISGT Middle East) · doi:10.1109/isgtmiddleeast56437.2023.10078662 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
“TSO-DSO COORDINATION The expeditious growth of DERs at the consumer end encouraged the assessment of coordination between DSO and TSO.”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialLiu, J., Tang, Z., Liu, Y., et al. (2025) · Energy · doi:10.1016/j.energy.2025.134985 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Evolution of the EU legal framework for promoting RES-E: A market compatible paradigm shift?
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Advancing Distributed AC Optimal Power Flow for Integrated Transmission-Distribution Systems
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“These include reduced efficiency in DERs facilitation, scalability issues, high data transfer requirements, and limited knowledge of distribution networks on the part of the TSO [1].”
InfluentialTSO/DSO Coordination for Voltage Regulation on Transmission Level: A Greek Case Study
Bachoumis, A., Kaskouras, C. D., Papaioannou, G. P., et al. (2021) · IEEE PowerTech Conference · doi:10.1109/powertech46648.2021.9495021 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Impact of decentralized microgrids optimal energy management on power system dynamics
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A two-stage market-based TSO-DSO coordination framework
Papazoglou, G. K., Bakirtzis, E. A., Forouli, A., et al. (2022) · International Conference on Energy Transition in the Mediterranean Area (SyNERGY MED) · doi:10.1109/synergymed55767.2022.9941459 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
“Thus, adequate TSO-DSO coordination is required to achieve the efficient use of flexibility and to ensure the safe and reliable operation of both networks [7].”
BackgroundReview of Battery Storage and Power Electronic Systems in Flexible A-R-OPF Frameworks
Gabash, A. (2023) · Electronics · doi:10.3390/electronics12143127 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Exploiting the determinant factors on the available flexibility area of ADNs at TSO‐DSO interface
Rabiee, A., Bessa, R. J., Sumaili, J., et al. (2024) · IET Renewable Power Generation · doi:10.1049/rpg2.13088 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
A Fast Method to Approximate the Flexibility Region of an Active Distribution Network in PQ Space
Prionistis, G., Vournas, C. D., & Vrakopoulou, M. (2023) · doi:10.1109/powertech55446.2023.10202983 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
“To facilitate the secure activation of those services, strategies that recommend the coordination of the distribution (DSO) and transmission system operator (TSO) are proposed [2].”
BackgroundMateo, C., Postigo, F., Elgindy, T., Birchfield, A. B., Dueñas, P., Palmintier, B. S., Panossian, N. V., Román, T. G. S., de Cuadra, F., Overbye, T. J., et al. (2024) · International Journal of Electrical Power & Energy Systems · doi:10.1016/j.ijepes.2024.110037 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
A Sensitivity-Based Linear Model for Optimal Dispatch of Local Flexibility
Ilea, V., Nebuloni, R., Arrigoni, C., et al. (2024) · International Conference on the European Energy Market (EEM) · doi:10.1109/eem60825.2024.10608914 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
“The promising solutions to manage local flexibilities emphasized in literature and/or by various European Projects, among which [14-17] are representative examples, can be synthetized to: ( M1 ) DSO validation against DN’s security of the activated flexibility by the centralized ASM market; ( M2 )…”
BackgroundICT Architectures for TSO-DSO Coordination and Data Exchange: A European Perspective
Rodríguez-Pérez, N., Domingo, J. M., López, G., et al. (2022) · IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid · doi:10.1109/tsg.2022.3206092 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
“In the last few years, academic literature has mainly focused on the business and functional aspects when addressing TSO-DSO coordination [4], [5], [6], [7], [8].”
BackgroundTransactive energy management systems: Mathematical models and formulations
Vidyamani, T., & Swarup, K. S. (2023) · Energy Conversion and Economics · doi:10.1049/enc2.12076 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Capitanescu, F. (2025) · IEEE Transactions on Power Systems · doi:10.1109/tpwrs.2025.3566704 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Moment‐Based Risk Coordination for Multi‐Area Power Systems Under Non‐Gaussian Uncertainty
Nawaz, A., Almani, A. A., Ahmed, R., et al. (2026) · IET Renewable Power Generation · doi:10.1049/rpg2.70255 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Lu, W., Xie, K., Liu, M., et al. (2023) · IEEE Transactions on Power Systems · doi:10.1109/tpwrs.2023.3276049 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
“Each operator considers the other system as an equivalent; that is, the TS operator regards the DS as an equivalent load, and the DS operator regards the TS as an infinite equivalent generator [1].”
Background
- Authors
- Givisiez, A. G., Petrou, K., & Ochoa, L. F.
- Affiliations
- The University of Melbourne (AU)
- Corresponding author
- Givisiez, Arthur Gonçalves
- Venue
- Electric Power Systems Research
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2020-12
- Volume
- 189
- Pages
- 106659
- ISSN
- 0378-7796 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W3082740031
- Cited by
- 200
- References
- 40
- Citations by year
- 2026: 33 · 2025: 31 · 2024: 27 · 2023: 40 · 2022: 43 · 2021: 26
- FWCI
- 9.35
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- Licence
- Locations
- Electric Power Systems Research (publishedVersion)
- Research Explorer (The University of Manchester) (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- Funders
- University of Melbourne
- Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Electrical and Electronic Engineering › Electric Power System Optimization
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Electrical and Electronic Engineering › Optimal Power Flow Distribution
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Electrical and Electronic Engineering › Smart Grid Energy Management
- Keywords
- TSO-DSO coordination, transmission system operators, distribution system operators, distributed energy resources, coordination models, power flow control, solution methods, research trends
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