Cited by 201Electric Power System OptimizationOptimal Power Flow DistributionSmart Grid Energy Management

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A Review on TSO-DSO Coordination Models and Solution Techniques

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Givisiez, Arthur Gonçalves, Petrou, Kyriacos, Ochoa, Luis F.·2020·Electric Power Systems Research

DOI 10.1016/j.epsr.2020.106659

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Integration of electric vehicles in the electric power system
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“In [31, 32], only validation aspects are investigated, i.e., the TSO dispatch is not considered.”
Coordination between transmission and distribution system operators in the electricity sector: A conceptual framework
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“Furthermore, the literature suggests that the DSO could also use DER services by procuring flexibility from the central market for distribution-related purposes such as mitigating distribution networks issues (operation) or even for investment deferral (planning) [5, 6, 8, 13, 17-19, 22, 29, 31].”
Wind and Solar Power Integration in Electricity Markets and Distribution Networks Through Service-Centric Virtual Power Plants
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Estimating the Active and Reactive Power Flexibility Area at the TSO-DSO Interface
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“Only a few papers consider extra flexibility brought by devices such as OLTCs on their solution techniques [22, 35, 37-40 , Based on the above, it is possible to identify trends and gaps on the literature of TSO-DSO coordination models.”
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Navarro-Espinosa, A., & Ochoa, L. F. (2015) · IEEE Transactions on Power Systems · doi:10.1109/tpwrs.2015.2448663 · Cited by 297 · cited 1×
“In distribution networks, large penetrations of DER alone can cause technical problems and challenges due to reverse power flows, such as network assets congestion [1] and voltage excursions [2, 3].”
Self-citation
Diagonal Quadratic Approximation for Decentralized Collaborative TSO+DSO Optimal Power Flow
Mohammadi, A., Mehrtash, M., & Kargarian, A. (2018) · IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid · doi:10.1109/tsg.2018.2796034 · Cited by 212
Optimal Regulation of Virtual Power Plants
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Active distribution system management: A dual-horizon scheduling framework for DSO/TSO interface under uncertainty
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“Only a few papers consider extra flexibility brought by devices such as OLTCs on their solution techniques [22, 35, 37-40 , Based on the above, it is possible to identify trends and gaps on the literature of TSO-DSO coordination models.”
The IEEE 8500-node test feeder
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“In [35, 37-39, 44, 45], the validation (Fig.”

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Items 101–200 of 201

Coordinated stochastic power system operation between TSO, renewable sources, energy storage and hydrogen energy equipped DSO, and HSO
Gökçek, T., Erdinç, O., & Şengör, İ. (2024) · Sustainable Energy Technologies and Assessments · doi:10.1016/j.seta.2024.104143 · Cited by 5
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Lopez, L., González-Castellanos, A., & Pozo, D. (2022) · International Conference on Smart Energy Systems and Technologies (SEST) · doi:10.1109/sest53650.2022.9898423 · Cited by 5
“Electricity markets (such as Australia) have studied the need and urgency of DER integration to take advantage of their flexibility potential [5].”
A Bilevel Model for Voluntary Demand-Side Flexibility in Distribution GridsPreprint
Nouicer, A., Meeus, L., & Delarue, E. D. (2022) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.4173964 · Cited by 5
A Bilevel Optimization Framework for Hybrid DSO-VPP Coordination: Enhancing Congestion Management and Market Efficiency in Decentralized Energy Systems
Maulana, I. R., Zafar, R., & Chung, I. (2025) · IEEE Access · doi:10.1109/access.2025.3604172 · Cited by 4
“For buses 1, 2, 4, 40, 41, and 51, any additional 1 MW load is directly supplied by the grid, resulting in a higher DLMP of approximately $ 126.587/MWh.”
Influential
Market-based bidirectional reserve and flexibility exchange in a DSO-TSO coordinated framework utilizing capability evaluation
Hajati, M., Sheikh-El-Eslami, M. K., & Delkhosh, H. (2025) · International Journal of Electrical Power & Energy Systems · doi:10.1016/j.ijepes.2025.111267 · Cited by 4
Providing ancillary services by aggregated distributed energy resources of active distribution systems for the upstream grid: A critical review
Miah, M. S., Shah, R., Aslam, M. U., et al. (2026) · Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.rser.2026.116858 · Cited by 4
Nodal Operating Envelopes vs. Network-wide Constraints: What is better for network-safe coordination of DERs?
Moring, H., Jang, S., Özay, N., et al. (2024) · Electric Power Systems Research · doi:10.1016/j.epsr.2024.110702 · Cited by 4
“This has led to calls for increased coordination, for example, between transmission system operators (TSOs) and distribution system operators (DSOs) [3], [4].”
Background
Tensor Convolution-Based Aggregated Flexibility Estimation in Active Distribution Systems
Chrysostomou, D., Rueda, J. L., & Cremer, J. L. (2024) · IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid · doi:10.1109/tsg.2024.3453667 · Cited by 4
“DSOs must ensure that said ﬂexibility services respect the DN operational constraints and use these services in distribution-level markets [2].”
Calculating multi-period cost curves of aggregated reactive power flexibility in active distribution grids for TSO-DSO coordination
Capitanescu, F. (2025) · Sustainable Energy Grids and Networks · doi:10.1016/j.segan.2025.101922 · Cited by 4
A general Nash Bargaining solution to the TSO-DSOs coordinated flexibility trading market
Gu, N., Cui, J., & Wu, C. (2022) · Electric Power Systems Research · doi:10.1016/j.epsr.2022.108329 · Cited by 4
“propose three core modes of the TSO-DSOs interaction: the TSOmanaged, the DSO-managed, and the hybrid-managed in [9], which also compares the associated pros and cons of these modes in terms of complexity in modeling, computation, and operation.”
Background
A Stochastic Inference-Dual-Based Decomposition Algorithm for TSO-DSO-Retailer Coordination
Bakhtiari, H., Hesamzadeh, M. R., & Bunn, D. W. (2023) · IEEE Transactions on Energy Markets Policy and Regulation · doi:10.1109/tempr.2023.3301810 · Cited by 4
“Three TSO-DSO coordination frameworks have been proposed in the existing literature [13]: the TSO-managed model, the TSO-DSO hybrid-managed model, and the DSO-managed model.”
BackgroundMethod
TSO-DSO Coordinated Operational Planning in the Presence of Shared Resources $i,m,o,t$
Simões, M. F. D. O., Madureira, A., Soares, F. J., & Lopes, J. P. (2023) · doi:10.1109/powertech55446.2023.10202840 · Cited by 4
“, power and voltage values at TN-DN interface nodes [12], [13].”
Background
Research on Interval Probability Prediction and Optimization of Vegetation Productivity in Hetao Irrigation District Based on Improved TCLA Model
Ren, J., Tian, D., Zheng, H., Wang, G., & Li, Z. (2025) · Agronomy · doi:10.3390/agronomy15061279 · Cited by 4
Mapping Flexibility Region through Three-phase Distribution Optimal Power Flow at TSO-DSO Point of Interconnection
Bruno, S., Giannoccaro, G., Iurlaro, C., et al. (2021) · AEIT International Annual Conference · doi:10.23919/aeit53387.2021.9627050 · Cited by 4
Estimating the Feasible Operating Region of Active Distribution Networks using the Genetic Algorithm
Papazoglou, G. K., Forouli, A., Bakirtzis, E. A., et al. (2023) · doi:10.1109/gtd49768.2023.00061 · Cited by 4
Effects of end-user participation under a TSO-DSO coordination scheme for Norway
Yen, D.-B., del Granado, P. C., & Lavrutich, M. N. (2024) · Energy Strategy Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.esr.2024.101359 · Cited by 4
Boosting the efficiency of flexibility provision in modern TSO-DSO coordination mechanisms
Mohandes, B., Alizadeh, M. I., Capitanescu, F., et al. (2025) · Sustainable Energy Grids and Networks · doi:10.1016/j.segan.2025.101752 · Cited by 3
Enhancement of transmission-distribution coordination for congestion management through an order prequalification scheme for distributed energy resources
Papayiannis, I., Asprou, M., Hadjidemetriou, L., & Timotheou, S. (2025) · Applied Energy · doi:10.1016/j.apenergy.2025.126503 · Cited by 3
Distribution Locational Marginal Pricing under Generation and Network Scarcity Conditions
Ruan, Z., Papavasiliou, A., & Madani, M. (2025) · Current Sustainable/Renewable Energy Reports · doi:10.1007/s40518-025-00282-9 · Cited by 3
Analysis of Network Impacts of Frequency Containment Provided by Domestic-Scale Devices Using Matrix Factorization
Deakin, M., Greenwood, D., Taylor, P., et al. (2021) · IEEE Transactions on Power Systems · doi:10.1109/tpwrs.2021.3075855 · Cited by 3
“This necessitates the use of MV-LV models that can capture not only the highly varied voltage drops in LV circuits, but also the coupling that occurs between LV circuits on the MV network [13]–[16].”
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Artificial intelligence-driven protocol for secure and standardized maneuver control in electrical substations
Campos, G. H. F., Gomes, V. M., Reis, M. R. C., et al. (2025) · Engineering Applications of Artificial Intelligence · doi:10.1016/j.engappai.2025.111667 · Cited by 3
An ADMM-based optimization approach for coordinated transmission and distribution generation expansion planning
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Risk‐return optimised energy asset allocation in transmission‐distribution system using tangency portfolio and Black–Litterman model
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TSO-DSO Interaction: Privacy-Preserving Optimal Power Flow with Distributed Generators Using a Machine Learning-Based Approach
Dindar, B., Saner, C. B., Çakmak, H. K., et al. (2023) · IEEE PES Asia-Pacific Power and Energy Engineering Conference · doi:10.1109/appeec57400.2023.10562006 · Cited by 3
“Nevertheless, with the increasing integration of DGs, there is a growing need for coordination between transmission system operators (TSOs) and distribution system operators (DSOs) [2].”
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Interactions between Active Distribution and Transmission Networks: State of the Art and Opportunities
Miah, M. S., Shah, R., Amjady, N., & Islam, S. M. (2024) · Global Power, Energy and Communication Conference · doi:10.1109/gpecom61896.2024.10582751 · Cited by 3
“There are still numerous technical challenges that have yet to be resolved [7]–[9].”
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The Coordination Between TSO and DSO in the Context of Energy Transition - A Review
Nguyen, H., Kok, K., Tran, T. T., et al. (2024) · International Universities Power Engineering Conference (UPEC) · doi:10.1109/upec61344.2024.10892411 · Cited by 3
“Arthur et al. [27] categorize coordination models into three distinct schemes based on the validation process of DER bids and the entities responsible for this process.”
Treynor Ratio guided risk-return model for TSO-DSO mutualism considering energy and price volatility
Jisma, M., Mohan, V., Thomas, M. S., & Bu, S. (2022) · Sustainable Energy Grids and Networks · doi:10.1016/j.segan.2022.100852 · Cited by 3
Coupling Economic Energy Management and Flexibility Regulation of Power Systems with Renewable Energy Hubs Through Tso-Dso CoordinationPreprint
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Ensuring Grid-Safe Forwarding of Distributed Flexibility in Sequential DSO-TSO Markets
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“T HE significant increase in distributed generation and storage, coupled with digitalization and energy management systems, has opened up promising opportunities for system operators (SOs) to acquire flexibility from distribution networks through coordinated market mechanisms [1]–[3].”
Machine learning-based method to support TSO-DSO adaptive coordination with active power management for instability prevention
Chrysostomou, D., Rueda, J. L., & Cremer, J. L. (2025) · International Journal of Electrical Power & Energy Systems · doi:10.1016/j.ijepes.2025.111353 · Cited by 2
Modeling and Impact Assessment of Load-Altering Attacks in TSO-DSO Coordinated Power Systems
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“Enhanced TSO-DSO coordination ensures system ﬂexibility and reliability, enabling operators to address RES intermittency, maintain supply-demand balance, and enhance grid stability [5].”
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Interaction between the Distribution System Operator and the Battery Storage Operator for Flexibility Procurement Services
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“In that manner, DSOs may no longer use only fit-and-forget approach and they are required to take a more active role [3].”
Background
Enhancing the European power system resilience with a recommendation system for voluntary demand response
Silva, C. A. M., Bessa, R. J., Bessa, R. J., et al. (2024) · iScience · doi:10.1016/j.isci.2024.111430 · Cited by 2
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TensorConvolutionPlus: A python package for distribution system flexibility area estimation
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Managing ancillary services in energy trading with blockchain technology
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Value-Stacking Battery Services Considering Frequency Markets and Grid-Based Voltage Support
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Low‐Carbon TSO‐DSO Dispatch Coordination Under Wind Power Uncertainty
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Probabilistic Flexibility Aggregation of DERs for Ancillary Services Provision
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“Readers interested speciﬁcally in coordination mechanisms are referred to [3], [4], [5], [6] and [7] and the references therein.”
MARLEM: A multi-agent reinforcement learning simulation framework for implicit cooperation in decentralized local energy markets
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“Forinstance,multi-agentsystemshavebeenemployedforresourceallocationandscheduling[23]andcoordinatingTransmissionSystemOperators andDistributionSystemOperators(DSOs)[24,25].”
Error Accumulation using Linearized Models for Aggregating Flexibility in Distribution Systems
Jiang, Y., Dai, X., Zahn, F., et al. (2026) · IEEE PES International Meeting (PES IM) · doi:10.1109/pesim67009.2026.11438889 · Cited by 1
“This shift requires closer TSO-DSO collaboration to ensure efficient and secure DERs’ mange-ment [1], [2].”
The impact of buffer tank size on explicit flexibility in residential buildings: A model predictive control analysis
Stegemerten, F., Hestert, R., Römer, F., Rätz, M., & Müller, D. (2026) · Journal of Energy Storage · doi:10.1016/j.est.2026.122239 · Cited by 1
Advancing Grid Integration: A Comprehensive Review of Key Research Areas in TSO-DSO Coordination
Rao, T. K., & Rana, A. S. (2026) · Renewable energy focus · doi:10.1016/j.ref.2026.100898 · Cited by 1
DFLEX: A Blockchain-Anchored Marketplace for Direct Participation of Small Distributed Energy Resources in Transmission and Distribution System Operator Flexibility Markets—Evidence from a One-Year Island Pilot
Dagoumas, A., Laitsos, V. M., Makrygiorgou, D. I., Makrygiorgou, J. J., Rigas, F., Koltsaklis, N. E., & Roukanas, S. A. (2026) · Energies · doi:10.3390/en19153627 · Cited by 2
Novel dynamic framework to form transmission tariffs with suitable economic signals
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Energy Market Transition and Climate Change: A Review of TSOs-DSOs C+++ Framework from 1800 to Present
Gabash, A. (2023) · Energies · doi:10.3390/en16176139 · Cited by 1
A platform for demand response and intentional islanding in distribution grids: The LIVING GRID demonstration project
Bekhit, R., Bianco, G., Delfino, F., et al. (2023) · Results in Control and Optimization · doi:10.1016/j.rico.2023.100294 · Cited by 1
Bulk-power Grid Support: Distributed OPF for Voltage and Frequency Regulation
Sadnan, R., Gray, N., Bose, A., et al. (2023) · IEEE International Conference on Communications, Control, and Computing Technologies for Smart Grids (SmartGridComm) · doi:10.1109/smartgridcomm57358.2023.10333898 · Cited by 1
“However, provisioning such advanced grid services from distribution-connected assets necessitates coordination between the Transmission System Operator (TSO) and the Distribution System Operator (DSO) [1], [2].”
Background
TSO-DSO Coordination to Effectively Integrate DER Flexibility Into The Balancing Market
Nguyen, H., Tran, T. T., Nguyen, K. T., et al. (2024) · IEEE/IAS Industrial and Commercial Power System Asia (I&CPS Asia) · doi:10.1109/icpsasia61913.2024.10761829 · Cited by 1
Coordinated Operation and Flexibility Management of Medium and Low Voltage Grids
Affonso, C. M., Bessa, R. J., & Gouveia, C. (2024) · IEEE Industry Applications Society Annual Meeting (IAS) · doi:10.1109/ias55788.2024.11023816 · Cited by 1
“These two aspects are pointed out in [18] as some of the current gaps on the literature.”
Coordinated Operation and Flexibility Management of Medium and Low Voltage Grids
Affonso, C. M., Bessa, R. J., & Gouveia, C. (2025) · IEEE Transactions on Industry Applications · doi:10.1109/tia.2025.3587188 · Cited by 1
“These two aspects are pointed out in [23] as some of the current gaps in the literature.”
Evolving Roles in Distribution Networks: Resource Coordination and Control Under the Emergence of the Distribution System Operator
Poudineh, R., Brandstätt, C., & Billimoria, F. (2022) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-98069-6_3 · Cited by 1
A Two-Layer Transactive Energy System: Upper Layer Analysis
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“– provided directly by prosumers or via aggregators [1].”
Background
Facilitating power system transformation at the distribution network level
Biggar, D. R., & Hesamzadeh, M. R. (2023) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-443-15591-8.00024-3 · Cited by 1
TSO-DSO Operational Planning Coordination through “l1-Proximal” Surrogate Lagrangian RelaxationPreprint
Bragin, M. A., & Dvorkin, Y. (2021) · doi:10.36227/techrxiv.13557242.v2 · Cited by 1
Balancing service provision by EV aggregator in different TSO-DSO coordination schemes
Nguyen, H., Nguyen, P., & Kok, K. (2025) · 2025 IEEE Kiel PowerTech · doi:10.1109/powertech59965.2025.11180333 · Cited by 1
Chance constrained day-ahead robust flexibility needs assessment for low voltage distribution network
Hashmi, M. U., Koirala, A., Ergun, H., & Van Hertem, D. (2022) · arXiv · doi:10.48550/arxiv.2207.10234 · Cited by 1
TSO-DSO Operational Planning Coordination through Surrogate Lagrangian RelaxationPreprint
Bragin, M. A., & Dvorkin, Y. (2021) · doi:10.36227/techrxiv.13557242.v1
“A review of the above TSO-DSO coordination models and methods can be found at [30].”
Method
Multi-Objective Approach to TCSC and DG Coordination under Contingency in an Integrated Transmission and Distribution NetworksPreprint
Ahmad, A. S., Buhari, M., Ambafi, J. G., et al. (2022) · doi:10.36227/techrxiv.18786500
“The consideration of DN to facilitate effective provision of services to the TN is an important factor in TSO − DSO planning [32].”
BackgroundMethod
Multi-Objective Approach to TCSC and DG Coordination under Contingency in an Integrated Transmission and Distribution NetworksPreprint
Sadiq, A. A., Buhari, M., Ambafi, J. G., et al. (2022) · doi:10.36227/techrxiv.18786500.v1
A Bilevel Model for Voluntary Demand-Side Flexibility in Distribution GridsPreprint
Nouicer, A., Meeus, L., & Delarue, E. D. (2022) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.4021933
TSO-DSO Operational Planning Coordination through "l1-Proximal" Surrogate Lagrangian RelaxationPreprint
Bragin, M. A., & Dvorkin, Y. (2021) · doi:10.36227/techrxiv.13557242
Desenvolvimento de uma metodologia para avaliação da flexibilidade operacional entre sistemas de transmissão e distribuição
Pombo, R. V. (2022) · doi:10.34019/ufjf/di/2022/00243
Distributed Energy Resources, Transmission Power System Control, Energy Transition: An Exploratory Bibliometric AnalysisPreprint
Suprême, H., Daher, N. A., Montigny, M. D., et al. (2023) · doi:10.36227/techrxiv.21990410
Distributed Energy Resources, Transmission Power System Control, Energy Transition: An Exploratory Bibliometric AnalysisPreprint
Suprême, H., Daher, N. A., Montigny, M. D., et al. (2023) · doi:10.36227/techrxiv.21990410.v1
Optimal Strategies for The Conflict Management Between DSO and Microgrids
Ferruzzi, G., Manfredi, S., Graditi, G., et al. (2022) · doi:10.1109/blorin54731.2022.10027964
“The works show that the coordination between TSO and DSO are linked to several factors such as the current market design, the state of the network, the type of flexibility service, and the type of DG or RES connected [13].”
BackgroundInfluential
A feasibility study of using MV and LV distributed energy resources flexibility in a TSO/DSO coordination perspective: the case study of Milan, Italy
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A Machine Learning-Based Privacy-Preserving Approach to Incorporate Distributed Generators in AC Optimal Power Flow
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“This research confirms the tool’s feasibility for more complex TSO-DSO coordination schemes [9] and flexibility market models, such as congestion management in coupled networks [10].”
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“In particular, special attention was paid to five TSO-DSO future worlds proposed by the Energy Networks Association [4] and, three general models identified/presented in [6].”
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Flexible Resources
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Authors: Givisiez, A. G., Petrou, K., & Ochoa, L. F.
Affiliations: The University of Melbourne (AU)
Corresponding author: Givisiez, Arthur Gonçalves
ORCID: Givisiez, Arthur Gonçalves
Petrou, Kyriacos
Ochoa, Luis F.
Venue: Electric Power Systems Research
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Published: 2020-12
Volume: 189
Pages: 106659
ISSN: 0378-7796 (ISSN-L)
DOI: 10.1016/j.epsr.2020.106659
OpenAlex: W3082740031
Cited by: 200
References: 40
Citations by year: 2026: 33 · 2025: 31 · 2024: 27 · 2023: 40 · 2022: 43 · 2021: 26
FWCI: 9.35
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: green
research.manchester.ac.uk
Licence: cc-by-nc-nd
www.elsevier.com/tdm/userlicense/1.0/ (tdm)
www.elsevier.com/legal/tdmrep-license (tdm)
Locations: Electric Power Systems Research (publishedVersion)
Research Explorer (The University of Manchester) (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
Funders: University of Melbourne
Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior
Topics: Physical Sciences › Engineering › Electrical and Electronic Engineering › Electric Power System Optimization
Physical Sciences › Engineering › Electrical and Electronic Engineering › Optimal Power Flow Distribution
Physical Sciences › Engineering › Electrical and Electronic Engineering › Smart Grid Energy Management
Keywords: TSO-DSO coordination, transmission system operators, distribution system operators, distributed energy resources, coordination models, power flow control, solution methods, research trends

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