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Cognitive impairments four months after COVID-19 hospital discharge: pattern, severity and association with illness variables.
Open accessAbstract
The ongoing Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has affected more than 100 million people and clinics are being established for diagnosing and treating lingering symptoms, so called long-COVID. A key concern are neurological and long-term cognitive complications. At the same time, the prevalence and nature of the cognitive sequalae of COVID-19 are unclear. The present study aimed to investigate the frequency, pattern and severity of cognitive impairments 3-4 months after COVID-19 hospital discharge, their relation to subjective cognitive complaints, quality of life and illness variables. We recruited patients at their follow-up visit at the respiratory outpatient clinic, Copenhagen University Hospital, Bispebjerg, approximately four months after hospitalisation with COVID-19. Patients underwent pulmonary, functional and cognitive assessments. Twenty-nine patients were included. The percentage of patients with clinically significant cognitive impairment ranged from 59% to 65% depending on the applied cut-off for clinical relevance of cognitive impairment, with verbal learning and executive functions being most affected. Objective cognitive impairment scaled with subjective cognitive complaints, lower work function and poorer quality of life. Cognitive impairments were associated with d-dimer levels during acute illness and residual pulmonary dysfunction. In conclusion, these findings provide new evidence for frequent cognitive sequelae of COVID-19 and indicate an association with the severity of the lung affection and potentially restricted cerebral oxygen delivery. Further, the associations with quality of life and functioning call for systematic cognitive screening of patients after recovery from severe COVID-19 illness and implementation of targeted treatments for patients with persistent cognitive impairments.
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“The association between IQCODE and TICS-40 scores was analyzed to ensure the consistency of the 2 cognitive assessments verified in previous studies.20,21”
From One-Year Trajectory of Cognitive Changes in Older Survivors of COVID-19 in Wuhan, China: A Longitudinal Cohort Study (2022) · cites this paper as [21]
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InfluentialChanges in cognitive functioning after COVID-19: a systematic review and meta-analysis
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BackgroundCOVID-19 associated cognitive impairment: A systematic review
Tavares-Júnior, J. W. L., de Souza, A. C. C., Borges, J. W. P., Oliveira, D. N., Neto, J. I. S., Sobreira-Neto, M. A., & Braga‐Neto, P. (2022) · Cortex · doi:10.1016/j.cortex.2022.04.006 · Cited by 179
Long-Term Outcomes of Patients with Coronavirus Disease 2019 at One Year after Hospital Discharge
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“The literature has described similar proportions of cognitive decline in COVID-19 survivors with dementia [62]; these data can be explained not only by a direct involvement with the central nervous system, but also by the social consequences of the pandemic—such as a greater level of stress, and the loneliness and iso…”
BackgroundFatigue and cognitive impairment after COVID-19: A prospective multicentre study
Hartung, T. J., Neumann, C., Bahmer, T. J., Chaplinskaya-Sobol, I., Endres, M., Geritz, J., Hæusler, K. G., Heuschmann, P. U., Hildesheim, H., Hinz, A., et al. (2022) · EClinicalMedicine · doi:10.1016/j.eclinm.2022.101651 · Cited by 168
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“This finding is also in line with results from Miskowiak et al. (2021), who found a positive correlation between executive function deficits and subjective cognitive complaints in a group of COVID-19 patients assessed four months after hospitalization.”
Resultdel Corral, T., Fabero‐Garrido, R., Plaza‐Manzano, G., Fernández‐de‐las‐Peñas, C., Navarro‐Santana, M. J., & López‐de‐Uralde‐Villanueva, I. (2022) · Annals of Physical and Rehabilitation Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.rehab.2022.101709 · Cited by 148
“These symptoms include, but are not limited to, fatigue, dyspnoea, pain, muscle weakness, limited exercise capacity, depression, confusion, memory problems, difficulty concentrating (“brain fog”), neurological symptoms, smell/taste disorders, impaired lung function, and poor health-related quality of life (HRQoL) [3,4…”
BackgroundPsychiatric and neurological complications of long COVID
Zawilska, J. B., & Kuczyńska, K. (2022) · Journal of Psychiatric Research · doi:10.1016/j.jpsychires.2022.10.045 · Cited by 153
Post-acute COVID-19 syndrome in patients after 12 months from COVID-19 infection in Korea
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ESCMID rapid guidelines for assessment and management of long COVID
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Hodgson, C. L., Higgins, A. M., Bailey, M., Mather, A. M., Beach, L. J., Bellomo, R., Bissett, B., Boden, I. J., Bradley, S. J., Burrell, A. J. C., et al. (2021) · Critical Care · doi:10.1186/s13054-021-03794-0 · Cited by 134
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“[10] reported similar rates of cognitive impairment at 4 months from hospital discharge, observing that verbal memory and executive function were the most affected domains.”
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Zhao, S., Shibata, K., Hellyer, P. J., Trender, W. R., Manohar, S., Hampshire, A., & Husain, M. (2021) · Brain Communications · doi:10.1093/braincomms/fcab295 · Cited by 127
COVID-19 and cognitive impairment: neuroinvasive and blood‒brain barrier dysfunction
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“Miskowiak et al. (2021) examined performance on the Screen for Cognitive Impairment in Psychiatry and the Trail Making Test in 29 individuals who had recovered from COVID-19.”
MethodQuan, M., Wang, X., Gong, M., Wang, Q., Li, Y., & Jia, J. (2023) · The Lancet Regional Health - Western Pacific · doi:10.1016/j.lanwpc.2023.100836 · Cited by 105
“15 Furthermore, admission to the ICU, severe pulmonary dysfunction, and higher maximum D-dimer levels have also been associated with PCCD. 16,28,31 Higher levels of many in fl ammatory markers have been detected in the blood samples of patients with severe disease and patients admitted to the ICU…”
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Bertuccelli, M., Ciringione, L., Rubega, M., Bisiacchi, P. S., Masiero, S., & Felice, A. D. (2022) · Cortex · doi:10.1016/j.cortex.2022.06.002 · Cited by 110
“In the only study adopting the SCIP-D (Miskowiak et al., 2021), severe memory impairments emerged in the subitems of the verbal learning test (VLTmean ± SD: 19.9 ± 4.2; expected score based on age, sex and education: 22.1 ± 1.2) and working memory test (WMmean ± SD: 18.2 ± 4.2; expected score based on age, sex and edu…”
InfluentialComparison of 6-Month Outcomes of Survivors of COVID-19 versus Non–COVID-19 Critical Illness
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“Executive function was investigated along with global cognitive function since executive dysfunction previously has been associated with poorer work function and quality of life (Miskowiak et al. 2021; Poletti et al. 2021).”
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“Cognitive impairment is associated with lower occupational function (37).”
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Clinical Management of COVID-19 Patients – An Update
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“Executive functions and verbal learning are some of the areas affected.(73)”
COVID-19 severity is related to poor executive function in people with post-COVID conditions
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“However, there are contradictory results on how self-reported cognitive issues reflect objective cognitive evaluation (Almeria et al., 2020; Blackmon et al., 2022; Miskowiak et al., 2021).”
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Brain positron emission tomography (PET) and cognitive abnormalities one year after COVID-19
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“, 2021 [34] Denmark March to June 2020 3–4 months and 12 months after discharge 29 [41%] 56.”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialCognitive domains affected post‐COVID ‐19; a systematic review and meta‐analysis
Fanshawe, J. B., Sargent, B., Badenoch, J., Saini, A., Watson, C. J., Pokrovskaya, A., Aniwattanapong, D., Conti, I., Nye, C., Burchill, E., et al. (2024) · European Journal of Neurology · doi:10.1111/ene.16181 · Cited by 56
Cognitive Impairment after Post-Acute COVID-19 Infection: A Systematic Review of the Literature
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“However, a lack of association between CRP, d-dimer and also ferritin and IL-6 with neurocognitive deficits was reported [9].”
InfluentialDemographic and social determinants of cognitive dysfunction following hospitalization for COVID-19
Valdes, E., Fuchs, B., Morrison, C., Charvet, L., Lewis, A., Thawani, S., Balcer, L. J., Galetta, S. L., Wısnıewskı, T., & Frontera, J. A. (2022) · Journal of the Neurological Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.jns.2022.120146 · Cited by 48
Functional neurological disorder in people with long COVID : A systematic review
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“had severe COVID19, one study described an association between cognitive impairment and the severity of lung involvement [11].”
BackgroundAiello, E. N., Fiabane, E., Manera, M. R., Radici, A., Grossi, F., Ottonello, M., Pain, D., & Pistarini, C. (2021) · Neurological Sciences · doi:10.1007/s10072-021-05630-3 · Cited by 43
Sobrino-Relaño, S., Balboa-Bandeira, Y., Peña, J., Ibarretxe‐Bilbao, N., Zubiaurre‐Elorza, L., & Ojeda, N. (2023) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-023-37420-6 · Cited by 45
“…among the studies that do so, differences can be observed among the healthy participants: in some studies, the healthy participants have lived with the virus at home but have not been infected 55 , others have not been previously exposed to the virus 43,45,47 and others can not to ensure it 44,48 .”
Diana, L., Regazzoni, R., Sozzi, M., Piconi, S., Borghesi, L., Lazzaroni, E., Basilico, P., Aliprandi, A., Bolognini, N., Bonardi, D. R., et al. (2022) · Journal of the Neurological Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.jns.2022.120511 · Cited by 39
“Taken together, these results suggest that changes in cognitive functioning in COVID-19 patients cannot be fully understood without considering psychological aspects [22,57].”
Cognitive Assessment in SARS-CoV-2 Patients: A Systematic Review
Biagianti, B., Di Liberto, A., Nicolò Edoardo, A., Lisi, I., Nobilia, L., de Ferrabonc, G. D., Zanier, E. R., Stocchetti, N., & Brambilla, P. (2022) · Frontiers in Aging Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnagi.2022.909661 · Cited by 41
Braga, L. W., de Oliveira, S. B., Moreira, A. S., Pereira, M. E., Carneiro, V. S., Serio, A., Freitas, L. F., Isidro, H. B. L., & Souza, L. M. N. (2022) · Neurorehabilitation · doi:10.3233/nre-228020 · Cited by 40
What do we mean by long COVID ? A scoping review of the cognitive sequelae of SARS‐CoV ‐2 infection
Nicotra, A., Masserini, F., Calcaterra, F., Vito, C. D., Doneddu, P. E., Pomati, S., Nobile‐Orazio, E., Riva, A., Mavilio, D., & Pantoni, L. (2023) · European Journal of Neurology · doi:10.1111/ene.16027 · Cited by 37
“The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS- CoV-2) virus has affected more than 500 million people worldwide [ 1].”
BackgroundNeurological sequelae of COVID-19: a review
Peterson, C., Sarangi, A., & Bangash, F. (2021) · The Egyptian Journal of Neurology Psychiatry and Neurosurgery · doi:10.1186/s41983-021-00379-0 · Cited by 36
“Miskowiak and colleagues found an association between cognitive impairments and D-dimer levels during the acute phase of illness [12], supporting previous studies that use of heparin and tissue plasminogen activator (tPA) may improve outcomes [92, 93].”
BackgroundResultAndriuta, D., Si-Ahmed, C., Roussel, M., Constans, J., Makki, M., Aarabi, A., Basille, D., Andréjak, C., & Godefroy, O. (2022) · Journal of Alzheimer s Disease · doi:10.3233/jad-215506 · Cited by 40
“Verbal memory impairment has been shown 85 to be associated with acute respiratory distress 86 syndrome [16] and cognitive impairment with the 87 severity of respiratory symptoms [19].”
del Corral, T., Menor‐Rodríguez, N., Fernández‐Vega, S., Díaz‐Ramos, C., Aguilar‐Zafra, S., & López‐de‐Uralde‐Villanueva, I. (2022) · Journal of Clinical Nursing · doi:10.1111/jocn.16352 · Cited by 35
“%) after the COVID- 19 diagnosis, which is in line with other study (Miskowiak et al., 2021), although the deficits slightly improved over time.”
BackgroundResultMind long COVID: Psychiatric sequelae of SARS-CoV-2 infection
Llach, C.-D., & Vieta, E. (2021) · European Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.euroneuro.2021.04.019 · Cited by 33
Velichkovsky, B. B., Razvaliaeva, A. Y., Khlebnikova, A. A., Manukyan, P. A., & Kasatkin, V. N. (2023) · Acta Psychologica · doi:10.1016/j.actpsy.2023.103838 · Cited by 40
Neuroimmune pathophysiology of long COVID
Moen, J. K., Baker, C. A., & Iwasaki, A. (2025) · Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences · doi:10.1111/pcn.13855 · Cited by 38
Role of Demyelination in the Persistence of Neurological and Mental Impairments after COVID-19
Khodanovich, M. Y., Kamaeva, D. A., & Naumova, A. V. (2022) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms231911291 · Cited by 32
“[23] studied the relationship between acute phase severity and cognitive changes in post-COVID patients.”
BackgroundThe negative impact of COVID-19 on working memory revealed using a rapid online quiz
Baseler, H. A., Aksoy, M., Salawu, A., Green, A., & Asghar, A. U. R. (2022) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0269353 · Cited by 34
“Using this methodological approach, short-term memory deficits have been reported for COVID-19 in some studies, although these investigations have been limited to small cohorts (6–87 patients) [5,15,16,18,19].”
MethodResultKirchberger, I., Peilstöcker, D., Warm, T. D., Linseisen, J., Hyhlik-Dürr, A., Meisinger, C., & Goßlau, Y. (2023) · Viruses · doi:10.3390/v15010256 · Cited by 31
Citicoline and COVID-19-Related Cognitive and Other Neurologic Complications
Turana, Y., Nathaniel, M., Shen, R., Ali, S., & Aparasu, R. R. (2021) · Brain Sciences · doi:10.3390/brainsci12010059 · Cited by 33
“However, there were no significant associations between cognitive status and the severity of COVID-19 status experienced by patients previously, which was measured by the length of hospitalization, total oxygen requirement and need of high-flow nasal cannula (HFNC), or severity markers such as lymphocytes, C-reactive…”
BackgroundInfluentialWebster-Cordero, F., & Giménez‐Llort, L. (2022) · Geriatrics · doi:10.3390/geriatrics7020030 · Cited by 29
Liu, T. C., Yoo, S. M., Sim, M., Motwani, Y., Viswanathan, N., & Wenger, N. S. (2023) · JAMA Network Open · doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2023.11974 · Cited by 30
Brown, L. A., Ballentine, E., Zhu, Y., McGinley, E. L., Pezzin, L. E., & Abramoff, B. A. (2022) · Brain Behavior & Immunity - Health · doi:10.1016/j.bbih.2022.100460 · Cited by 33
“…with higher prevalence of neurocognitive impairment among individuals infected with SARS-CoV-2 in both acute hospitalization and in the post-acute period (Huang et al., 2021; Lorenzo et al., 2020; Ma et al., 2020; M (cid:1) endez et al., 2021; Miskowiak et al., 2021; Tomasoni et al., 2021).”
InfluentialThe Cognitive Failures Questionnaire 2.0
Goodhew, S. C., & Edwards, M. (2023) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2023.112472 · Cited by 35
Endothelial dysfunction in COVID- 19 and cognitive impairment
Martynov, M. Y., Bogolepova, A. N., & Yasamanova, A. N. (2021) · S S Korsakov Journal of Neurology and Psychiatry · doi:10.17116/jnevro202112106193 · Cited by 32
Palladini, M., Bravi, B., Colombo, F., Caselani, E., Pasquasio, C. D., D'Orsi, G., Rovere, P. Q., Poletti, S., Benedetti, F., & Mazza, M. G. (2022) · Neuropsychological Rehabilitation · doi:10.1080/09602011.2022.2075016 · Cited by 32
“Recent evidence suggests that depressive symptoms can affect neurocognitive impairment, the latter being in turn held responsible for depressive outcomes in those who contracted Sars-CoV-2 (Almeria et al., 2020; Miskowiak et al., 2021; Muthukrishnan, 2020).”
BackgroundMemory, Emotion, and Quality of Life in Patients with Long COVID-19
Herranz, K. E., Delgado‐Lima, A. H., Villatoro, B. S., Garaboa, E. M., Gómez, V. S., Vides, L. I. G., Bouhaben, J., & Delgado‐Losada, M. L. (2023) · Brain Sciences · doi:10.3390/brainsci13121670 · Cited by 28
Cysique, L. A., Jakabek, D., Bracken, S. G., Allen‐Davidian, Y., Heng, B., Chow, S., Dehhaghi, M., Pires, A. S., Darley, D. R., Byrne, A., et al. (2022) · medRxiv · doi:10.1101/2022.06.07.22276020 · Cited by 28
Sabel, B. A., Zhou, W., Huber, F., Schmidt, F., Sabel, K., Gonschorek, A., & Bilc, M. (2021) · Restorative Neurology and Neuroscience · doi:10.3233/rnn-211249 · Cited by 27
“The recognition that severe lung dysfunction can lead to lower brain oxygen levels (Miskowiak et al., 2021) and bilateral hypometabolism in multiple brain regions (Guedj et al., 2021) points our way to possible mechanisms of the neurological symptoms.”
BackgroundPietro, D. A. D., Comini, L., Gazzi, L., Luisa, A., & Vitacca, M. (2021) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph18115917 · Cited by 26
Memory alterations after COVID-19 infection: a systematic review
Llana, T., Zorzo, C., Méndez-López, M., & Méndez, M. (2022) · Applied Neuropsychology Adult · doi:10.1080/23279095.2022.2123739 · Cited by 26
“Nevertheless, other studies have found an association between some persistent cognitive impairments and the degree of long-term pulmonary dysfunction and respiratory symptoms (Miskowiak et al., 2021).”
BackgroundManifestations and mechanisms of central nervous system damage caused by SARS-CoV-2
Yang, F., Zhao, H., Liu, H., Wu, X., & Li, Y. (2021) · Brain Research Bulletin · doi:10.1016/j.brainresbull.2021.09.015 · Cited by 24
“[100] The problem of cognitive impairment still requires further research.”
Long-term outcomes after NeuroCOVID: A 6-month follow-up study on 60 patients
Chaumont, H., Meppiel, E., Roze, E. F., Tressières, B., de Broucker, T., & Lannuzel, A. (2022) · Revue Neurologique · doi:10.1016/j.neurol.2021.12.008 · Cited by 28
“[35] Miskowiak K, Johnsen S, Sattler S, Nielsen S, Kunalan K, Rungby J, et al.”
BackgroundNeuropsychological Outcomes in Adult Patients and Survivors of COVID-19
May, P. E. (2022) · Pathogens · doi:10.3390/pathogens11040465 · Cited by 24
Consensus Clinical Guidance for Diagnosis and Management of Adult COVID-19 Encephalopathy Patients
Michael, B. D., Walton, D., Westenberg, E., García‐Azorín, D., Singh, B., Tamborska, A., Netravathi, M., Chomba, M., Wood, G. K., Easton, A., et al. (2021) · Journal of Neuropsychiatry · doi:10.1176/appi.neuropsych.22010002 · Cited by 26
Alvarez, M., Trent, E., Gonçalves, B. D. S., Pereira, D. G., Puri, R., Frazier, N. A., Sodhi, K., & Pillai, S. S. (2022) · Frontiers in Aging Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnagi.2022.1020092 · Cited by 24
“…COVID19-associated cognitive impairment and the severity of these deficits is associated with the severity of the SARS-CoV-2 infection and the subsequent increases in specific circulating inflammatory mediators and biomarkers (Becker et al., 2021; Miskowiak et al., 2021; Zeng et al., 2022).”
BackgroundPost–Intensive Care Syndrome in Covid-19 Patients Discharged From the Intensive Care Unit
Gardashkhani, S., Khameslou, M. A., Heidarzadeh, M., & Sedigh, S. R. (2021) · Journal of Hospice and Palliative Nursing · doi:10.1097/njh.0000000000000789 · Cited by 23
Chuang, H., Hsiao, M., Wang, T., & Liang, H. (2022) · Journal of the Formosan Medical Association · doi:10.1016/j.jfma.2022.02.002 · Cited by 24
“Cognition deficits are seen in up to 80% of severe cases and last for months, with long-term negative impacts on functional outcomes and daily activity.(68,69) Therefore, a comprehensive neuropsychological evaluation and follow-up might be indicated for COVID-19 survivors.”
BackgroundEvaluation of cognitive functions in adult individuals with COVID-19
Akıncı, B., Oğul, Ö. E., Hanoğlu, L., Kulaç, B., Ören, D., Ulu, O., & Basançelebi, B. (2022) · Neurological Sciences · doi:10.1007/s10072-022-06562-2 · Cited by 23
Cognitive impairment in post-acute COVID-19 syndrome: a scoping review
Cipolli, G. C., Alonso, V., Yasuda, C. L., de Assumpção, D., Cachioni, M., de Melo, R. C., Hinsliff‐Smith, K., & Yassuda, M. S. (2023) · Arquivos de Neuro-Psiquiatria · doi:10.1055/s-0043-1777115 · Cited by 22
“…and memory than those who did not require hospital admission, 25 suggesting that disease severity is indeed associated with worse cognitive impairment, a conclusion supported by Jaywant et al. 66 However, Miskowiak et al. 34 found no association between the disease severity and cognitive function.”
ResultPost-covid condition in adults and children
Baimukhambetova, D. V., Gorina, A. O. G., Rumyantsev, M. A., Shikhaleva, A., El-Taravi, Y., Bondarenko, E., Капустина, В., & Munblit, D. (2021) · PULMONOLOGIYA · doi:10.18093/0869-0189-2021-31-5-562-570 · Cited by 26
“Скорость психомоторных реакций и степень воспроизведения вербальной информации находились в обратной зависимости от уровня D-димера, вместе с тем длительность госпитализации, потребность в кислороде, степень поражения паренхимы легких и сопутствующая патология не оказывали влияния на когнитивные функции [35].”
Subjective and Objective Cognitive Deficits in Patients with Post-COVID Syndrome
Schild, A., Scharfenberg, D., Kirchner, L., Klein, K., Regorius, A., Goereci, Y., Meiberth, D. U., Sannemann, L., Lülling, J., Schweitzer, F., et al. (2023) · Zeitschrift für Neuropsychologie · doi:10.1024/1016-264x/a000374 · Cited by 21
García-Grimshaw, M., Chirino‐Pérez, A., Flores-Silva, F. D., Valdés-Ferrer, S. I., Vargas-Martínez, M. D. L. Á., Jiménez-Ávila, A. I., Chávez-Martínez, O. A., Ramos-Galicia, E. M., Marché-Fernández, O. A., Ramírez-Carrillo, M. F., et al. (2022) · Neurological Sciences · doi:10.1007/s10072-021-05798-8 · Cited by 20
Tarantino, S., Graziano, S., Carducci, C., Giampaolo, R., & Capitello, T. G. (2022) · Brain Sciences · doi:10.3390/brainsci12080969 · Cited by 20
Velichkovsky, B. B., Razvaliaeva, A. Y., Khlebnikova, A. A., Manukyan, P. A., Kasatkin, V. N., & Barmin, A. V. (2023) · Behavioural Neurology · doi:10.1155/2023/1094267 · Cited by 24
“[39] compared patients’ (n = 29) performance on Trail Making Task-B to sex-, age-, and educationadjusted norms revealing a large significant decrease in cognitive flexibility (d = −0:81).”
Functional Limitations in Individuals With Long COVID
Mazer, B. L., & Feldman, D. E. (2023) · Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation · doi:10.1016/j.apmr.2023.03.004 · Cited by 20
Goodhew, S. C., & Edwards, M. (2024) · Psychonomic Bulletin & Review · doi:10.3758/s13423-024-02573-6 · Cited by 22
“…Jozwiak et al., 2017; Keilp et al., 2013; Koso et al., 2012; Kramer et al., 1994; Kreitz et al., 2015; Lange & Süß, 2014; Lapadula et al., 2020; Miskowiak et al., 2021, 2022, 2023; Shakeel & Goghari, 2017; Slana Ozimič & Repovš, 2020; Steinbusch et al., 2017; Vom Hofe et al., 1998; Woods et…”
Stavem, K., Einvik, G., Tholin, B., Ghanima, W., Hessen, E., & Lundqvist, C. (2022) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0273352 · Cited by 21
“Recent studies of survivors 2–4 months after hospitalization for COVID-19 reported a high prevalence of moderate/severe neurocognitive impairment, as assessed by telephone [8] or a brief performance-best test battery [29], and telephone-administered cognitive tests were abnormal in 15–17% about 3 months after COVID-19…”
BackgroundNeurocognitive deficits in COVID-19 patients five months after discharge from hospital
Thornberg, U. B., Andersson, A., Lindh, M., Hellgren, L., Divanoglou, A., & Levi, R. (2022) · Neuropsychological Rehabilitation · doi:10.1080/09602011.2022.2125020 · Cited by 21
“Miskowiak et al. (2021) examined cognitive performance in 29 post-COVID-19 patients three to four months after hospital discharge and found 59% of the patients scored lower on tasks measuring verbal learning and working memory compared to healthy controls.”
BackgroundMethodResultInfluentialWidmann, C. N., Wieberneit, M., Bieler, L., Bernsen, S., Gräfenkämper, R., Brosseron, F., Schmeel, F. C., Tacik, P. M., Skowasch, D., Radbruch, A., et al. (2021) · JMIR Research Protocols · doi:10.2196/30259 · Cited by 19
“Our study is also in line with a comparable, yet much smaller cohort (n=29) based on an objective cognitive screening (Screen for Cognitive Impairment in Psychiatry Danish Version, SCIP-D), in which at least some cognitive impairment was detected in 19 (65%) patients [60].”
Result
Metadata
- Authors
- Miskowiak, K., Johnsen, S., Sattler, S., Nielsen, S., Kunalan, K., Rungby, J., Lapperre, T., & Porsberg, C.
- Affiliations
- Bispebjerg Hospital (DK)
- University of Copenhagen (DK)
- University of Antwerp (BE)
- Venue
- European Neuropsychopharmacology
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2021-05
- Volume
- 46
- Pages
- 39-48
- ISSN
- 0924-977X (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC8006192
- OpenAlex
- W3148312871
- Cited by
- 365
- References
- 45
- Citations by year
- 2026: 12 · 2025: 45 · 2024: 60 · 2023: 97 · 2022: 115 · 2021: 36
- FWCI
- 36.84
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- European Neuropsychopharmacology (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Research at the University of Copenhagen (University of Copenhagen) (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- Funders
- Lundbeck Foundation
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Clinical Neurology › Long-Term Effects of COVID-19
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Critical Care and Intensive Care Medicine › Intensive Care Unit Cognitive Disorders
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Infectious Diseases › COVID-19 Clinical Research Studies
- Keywords
- COVID-19 pandemic, long COVID, cognitive impairment, hospital discharge, subjective cognitive complaints, quality of life, executive function, verbal learning, D-dimer, pulmonary dysfunction, cerebral oxygen delivery, cognitive screening
- MeSH terms
- COVID-19, Aged, Denmark, Female, Follow-Up Studies, Humans, Longitudinal Studies, Male, Middle Aged, Patient Discharge, Prospective Studies, Severity of Illness Index, Time Factors, Cognitive Dysfunction
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