The Validity and Reproducibility of a Work Productivity and Activity Impairment Instrument
Abstract
The construct validity of a quantitative work productivity and activity impairment (WPAI) measure of health outcomes was tested for use in clinical trials, along with its reproducibility when administered by 2 different methods. 106 employed individuals affected by a health problem were randomised to receive either 2 self-administered questionnaires (self administration) or one self-administered questionnaire followed by a telephone interview (interviewer administration). Construct validity of the WPAI measures of time missed from work, impairment of work and regular activities due to overall health and symptoms, were assessed relative to measures of general health perceptions, role (physical), role (emotional), pain, symptom severity and global measures of work and interference with regular activity. Multivariate linear regression models were used to explain the variance in work productivity and regular activity by validation measures. Data generated by interviewer-administration of the WPAI had higher construct validity and fewer omissions than that obtained by self-administration of the instrument. All measures of work productivity and activity impairment were positively correlated with measures which had proven construct validity. These validation measures explained 54 to 64% of variance (p less than 0.0001) in productivity and activity impairment variables of the WPAI. Overall work productivity (health and symptom) was significantly related to general health perceptions and the global measures of interference with regular activity. The self-administered questionnaire had adequate reproducibility but less construct validity than interviewer administration. Both administration methods of the WPAI warrant further evaluation as a measure of morbidity.
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The WPAI has demonstrated sufficient construct validity and test-retest reliability, with correlation coefficients ranging from 0.71 to 0.87 for overall productivity loss.
“the WPAI has demonstrated sufficient construct validity and test-retest reliability (with correlation coefficients ranging from 0.71-0.87 for overall productivity loss) [53].”
From Feasibility and Preliminary Efficacy of Digital Interventions for Depressive Symptoms in Working Adults: Multiarm Randomized Controlled Trial (2023) · cites this paper as [53]
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“The Work Productivity and Activity Impairment Scale (WPAI) questionnaire [53] is a 6-item self-report measure of health-related work productivity loss for the employed population.”
InfluentialBolge, S. C., Flores, N. M., & Phan, J. H. (2016) · Journal of Occupational & Environmental Medicine · doi:10.1097/jom.0000000000000874 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Assessing the costs and cost-effectiveness of ICare internet-based interventions (protocol)
Beecham, J., Bonin, E.-M., Görlich, D., Baños, R., Beintner, I., Buntrock, C., Bolinski, F., Botella, C., Ebert, D. D., Herrero, R., et al. (2019) · Internet Interventions · doi:10.1016/j.invent.2018.02.009 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Predictors of Workplace Disability in a Premanifest Huntington’s Disease Cohort
Goh, A. M. Y., You, E., Perin, S., Clay, F. J., Loi, S., Ellis, K., Chong, T., Ames, D., & Lautenschlager, N. (2018) · The Journal of Neuropsychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences · doi:10.1176/appi.neuropsych.17040086 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Nicolas‐Boluda, A., Le Roux, E., Tavenet, A., Bouaziz, J., Vercellini, P., Stratton, P., & Fauconnier, A. (2024) · Acta Obstetricia et Gynecologica Scandinavica · doi:10.1111/aogs.14694 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Ishimoto, Y., Sotodate, T., Namba, Y., Uenishi, T., Iwasaki, K., & Tomita, H. (2023) · Neuropsychiatric Disease and Treatment · doi:10.2147/ndt.s414862 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Kato, M., Kikuchi, T., Watanabe, K., Sumiyoshi, T., Moriguchi, Y., Åström, D., & Christensen, M. (2023) · Neuropsychiatric Disease and Treatment · doi:10.2147/ndt.s428443 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
- Authors
- Reilly, M. C., Zbrozek, A. S., & Dukes, E. M.
- Affiliations
- The University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston (US)
- Venue
- PharmacoEconomics
- Published
- 1993-11
- Volume
- 4
- Issue
- 5
- Pages
- 353-365
- ISSN
- 1170-7690 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2086325363
- Cited by
- 3,071
- References
- 14
- Citations by year
- 2026: 204 · 2025: 284 · 2024: 297 · 2023: 262 · 2022: 246 · 2021: 251 · 2020: 214 · 2019: 183 · 2018: 174 · 2017: 136 · 2016: 132 · 2015: 115 · 2014: 122 · 2013: 77 · 2012: 69
- FWCI
- 3.66
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- PharmacoEconomics (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Economics, Econometrics and Finance › Economics and Econometrics › Health Systems, Economic Evaluations, Quality of Life
- Health Sciences › Health Professions › Physical Therapy, Sports Therapy and Rehabilitation › Medical Practices and Rehabilitation
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Pharmacology › Musculoskeletal pain and rehabilitation
- Keywords
- Work Productivity and Activity Impairment, construct validity, reproducibility, self-administered questionnaire, work impairment, morbidity measurement, clinical trial outcome measures
- MeSH terms
- Absenteeism, Adult, Clinical Trials as Topic, Efficiency, Female, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Surveys and Questionnaires, Work, Reproducibility of Results
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