The DOI matches its Crossref record; 144 of the 144 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Pattern recognition receptors and central nervous system repair
Open accessAbstract
Pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) are part of the innate immune response and were originally discovered for their role in recognizing pathogens by ligating specific pathogen associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) expressed by microbes. Now the role of PRRs in sterile inflammation is also appreciated, responding to endogenous stimuli referred to as "damage associated molecular patterns" (DAMPs) instead of PAMPs. The main families of PRRs include Toll-like receptors (TLRs), Nod-like receptors (NLRs), RIG-like receptors (RLRs), AIM2-like receptors (ALRs), and C-type lectin receptors. Broad expression of these PRRs in the CNS and the release of DAMPs in and around sites of injury suggest an important role for these receptor families in mediating post-injury inflammation. Considerable data now show that PRRs are among the first responders to CNS injury and activation of these receptors on microglia, neurons, and astrocytes triggers an innate immune response in the brain and spinal cord. Here we discuss how the various PRR families are activated and can influence injury and repair processes following CNS injury.
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“As TLR3 is abundantly expressed in the brain187, abnormal activation of NMDA receptor signalling by quinolinic acid might be at least partially responsible for numerous neurological diseases186,188.”
From The gut microbiota and the brain–gut–kidney axis in hypertension and chronic kidney disease (2018) · cites this paper as [187]
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Research works printed but not linked: 1
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The Phagocytic Function of Macrophage-Enforcing Innate Immunity and Tissue Homeostasis
Hirayama, D., Iida, T., & Nakase, H. (2017) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms19010092 · Cited by 927
The Biology of Regeneration Failure and Success After Spinal Cord Injury
Tran, A. P., Warren, P. M., & Silver, J. (2018) · Physiological Reviews · doi:10.1152/physrev.00017.2017 · Cited by 903
The gut microbiota and the brain–gut–kidney axis in hypertension and chronic kidney disease
Yang, T., Richards, E. M., Pepine, C. J., & Raizada, M. K. (2018) · Nature Reviews Nephrology · doi:10.1038/s41581-018-0018-2 · Cited by 753
Kynurenine pathway metabolism and the microbiota-gut-brain axis
Kennedy, P. J., Cryan, J. F., Dinan, T. G., & Clarke, G. (2017) · Neuropharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.neuropharm.2016.07.002 · Cited by 724
Spinal Cord Injury Scarring and Inflammation: Therapies Targeting Glial and Inflammatory Responses
Orr, M. B., & Gensel, J. C. (2018) · Neurotherapeutics · doi:10.1007/s13311-018-0631-6 · Cited by 596
Metadata
- Authors
- Kigerl, K. A., de Rivero Vaccari, J. P., Dietrich, W. D., Popovich, P. G., & Keane, R. W.
- Affiliations
- The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center (US)
- University of Miami (US)
- Corresponding author
- Popovich, Phillip G.
- Keane, Robert W.
- Venue
- Experimental Neurology
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2014-08
- Volume
- 258
- Pages
- 5-16
- ISSN
- 0014-4886 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC4974939
- OpenAlex
- W2031080649
- Cited by
- 490
- References
- 143
- Citations by year
- 2026: 26 · 2025: 44 · 2024: 44 · 2023: 50 · 2022: 59 · 2021: 50 · 2020: 50 · 2019: 38 · 2018: 38 · 2017: 38 · 2016: 15 · 2015: 31 · 2014: 6
- FWCI
- 2.44
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Experimental Neurology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NS-043246, R01NS042133, NS059836, R01NS059836, R01NS043246)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Neurology › Neuroinflammation and Neurodegeneration Mechanisms
- Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Immunology › Immune Response and Inflammation
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Inflammasome and immune disorders
- Keywords
- pattern recognition receptors, central nervous system injury, neuroinflammation, damage-associated molecular patterns, pathogen-associated molecular patterns, Toll-like receptors, NOD-like receptors, RIG-I-like receptors, AIM2-like receptors, C-type lectin receptors, microglia, astrocytes, neurons, CNS repair, innate immunity
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Cell Survival, Central Nervous System Diseases, Humans, Immunity, Innate, Signal Transduction, Receptors, Pattern Recognition, Toll-Like Receptors
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