The plant immune system
Open accessAbstract
Many plant-associated microbes are pathogens that impair plant growth and reproduction. Plants respond to infection using a two-branched innate immune system. The first branch recognizes and responds to molecules common to many classes of microbes, including non-pathogens. The second responds to pathogen virulence factors, either directly or through their effects on host targets. These plant immune systems, and the pathogen molecules to which they respond, provide extraordinary insights into molecular recognition, cell biology and evolution across biological kingdoms. A detailed understanding of plant immune function will underpin crop improvement for food, fibre and biofuels production.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
Plants feature an innate immune system that recognises and responds to the presence of microorganisms.
“Plants feature an innate immune system that recognises and responds to the presence of microorganisms (Chisholm et al. 2006; Jones and Dangl 2006).”
From Biocontrol yeasts: mechanisms and applications (2019) · cites this paper as Jones and Dangl 2006
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Structure and functions of the bacterial microbiota of plants
Bulgarelli, D., Schlaeppi, K., Spaepen, S., van Themaat, E. V. L., & Schulze-Lefert, P. (2013) · Annual Review of Plant Biology · doi:10.1146/annurev-arplant-050312-120106 · Cited by 3,308 · see citing works
Induced systemic resistance by beneficial microbes
Pieterse, C. M. J., Zamioudis, C., Berendsen, R. L., Weller, D. M., Van Wees, S. C. M., & Bakker, P. A. H. M. (2014) · Annual Review of Phytopathology · doi:10.1146/annurev-phyto-082712-102340 · Cited by 3,272 · see citing works
Wasternack, C., & Hause, B. (2013) · Annals of Botany · doi:10.1093/aob/mct067 · Cited by 2,629 · see citing works
Salicylic acid, a multifaceted hormone to combat disease
Vlot, A. C., Dempsey, D. A., & Klessig, D. F. (2009) · Annual Review of Phytopathology · doi:10.1146/annurev.phyto.050908.135202 · Cited by 2,568 · see citing works
Indole-3-acetic acid in microbial and microorganism-plant signaling
Spaepen, S., Vanderleyden, J., & Remans, R. (2007) · FEMS Microbiology Reviews · doi:10.1111/j.1574-6976.2007.00072.x · Cited by 1,954 · see citing works
RNA virus interference via CRISPR/Cas13a system in plants
Aman, R., Ali, Z., Butt, H., Mahas, A., Aljedaani, F., Khan, M. Z., Ding, S., & Mahfouz, M. (2018) · Genome Biology · doi:10.1186/s13059-017-1381-1 · Cited by 1,497 · see citing works
<i>Xanthomonas</i> AvrBs3 Family-Type III Effectors: Discovery and Function
Boch, J., & Bonas, U. (2010) · Annual Review of Phytopathology · doi:10.1146/annurev-phyto-080508-081936 · Cited by 978 · see citing works
Plant-rhizobacteria interactions alleviate abiotic stress conditions
DIMKPA, C., WEINAND, T., & ASCH, F. (2009) · Plant, Cell & Environment · doi:10.1111/j.1365-3040.2009.02028.x · Cited by 963 · see citing works
Microbiota and Host Nutrition across Plant and Animal Kingdoms
Hacquard, S., Garrido-Oter, R., González, A., Spaepen, S., Ackermann, G., Lebeis, S., McHardy, A. C., Dangl, J. L., Knight, R., Ley, R., et al. (2015) · Cell Host & Microbe · doi:10.1016/j.chom.2015.04.009 · Cited by 779 · see citing works
Self-citationSpadaro, D., & Droby, S. (2016) · Trends in Food Science & Technology · doi:10.1016/j.tifs.2015.11.003 · Cited by 732 · see citing works
The spectrum of inflammatory responses
Medzhitov, R. (2021) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.abi5200 · Cited by 718 · see citing works
Pattern recognition receptors and central nervous system repair
Kigerl, K. A., de Rivero Vaccari, J. P., Dietrich, W. D., Popovich, P. G., & Keane, R. W. (2014) · Experimental Neurology · doi:10.1016/j.expneurol.2014.01.001 · Cited by 490 · see citing works
Biocontrol yeasts: mechanisms and applications
Freimoser, F. M., Rueda-Mejia, M. P., Tilocca, B., & Migheli, Q. (2019) · World Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology · doi:10.1007/s11274-019-2728-4 · Cited by 462 · see citing works
“Plants feature an innate immune system that recognises and responds to the presence of microorganisms (Chisholm et al. 2006; Jones and Dangl 2006).”
BackgroundHomeostasis-altering molecular processes as mechanisms of inflammasome activation
Liston, A., & Masters, S. L. (2017) · Nature Reviews Immunology · doi:10.1038/nri.2016.151 · Cited by 459 · see citing works
Jasmonate signaling in plant interactions with resistance-inducing beneficial microbes
Van der Ent, S., Van Wees, S. C. M., & Pieterse, C. M. J. (2009) · Phytochemistry · doi:10.1016/j.phytochem.2009.06.009 · Cited by 443 · see citing works
NLRs at the intersection of cell death and immunity
Ting, J. P.-Y., Willingham, S. B., & Bergstralh, D. T. (2008) · Nature Reviews Immunology · doi:10.1038/nri2296 · Cited by 371 · see citing works
Sankowski, R., Mader, S., & Valdés-Ferrer, S. I. (2015) · Frontiers in Cellular Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fncel.2015.00028 · Cited by 351 · see citing works
Monoterpenes Support Systemic Acquired Resistance within and between Plants
Riedlmeier, M., Ghirardo, A., Wenig, M., Knappe, C., Koch, K., Georgii, E., Dey, S., Parker, J. E., Schnitzler, J.-P., & Vlot, A. C. (2017) · The Plant Cell · doi:10.1105/tpc.16.00898 · Cited by 323 · see citing works
The influence of evolutionary history on human health and disease
Benton, M. L., Abraham, A., LaBella, A. L., Abbot, P., Rokas, A., & Capra, J. A. (2021) · Nature Reviews Genetics · doi:10.1038/s41576-020-00305-9 · Cited by 291 · see citing works
Li, J., Zhao-Hui, C., Batoux, M., Nekrasov, V., Roux, M., Chinchilla, D., Zipfel, C., & Jones, J. D. G. (2009) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.0905532106 · Cited by 273 · see citing works
NALP Inflammasomes: a central role in innate immunity
Martinon, F., Gaide, O., Pétrilli, V., Mayor, A., & Tschopp, J. (2007) · Seminars in Immunopathology · doi:10.1007/s00281-007-0079-y · Cited by 218 · see citing works
McClerklin, S. A., Lee, S. G., Harper, C. P., Nwumeh, R., Jez, J. M., & Kunkel, B. N. (2018) · PLOS Pathogens · doi:10.1371/journal.ppat.1006811 · Cited by 182 · see citing works
Plant–arthropod interactions: who is the winner?
Stahl, E., Hilfiker, O., & Reymond, P. (2018) · The Plant Journal · doi:10.1111/tpj.13773 · Cited by 164 · see citing works
On the move: induced resistance in monocots
Balmer, D., Planchamp, C., & Mauch-Mani, B. (2013) · Journal of Experimental Botany · doi:10.1093/jxb/ers248 · Cited by 77 · see citing works
Brassinosteroid action in flowering plants: A Darwinian perspective
Kutschera, U., & Wang, Z.-Y. (2012) · Journal of Experimental Botany · doi:10.1093/jxb/ers065 · Cited by 77 · see citing works
De Vleesschauwer, D., Chernin, L., & Höfte, M. M. (2009) · BMC Plant Biology · doi:10.1186/1471-2229-9-9 · Cited by 77 · see citing works
Diverse mechanisms for inflammasome sensing of cytosolic bacteria and bacterial virulence
Zhao, Y., & Shao, F. (2016) · Current Opinion in Microbiology · doi:10.1016/j.mib.2015.10.003 · Cited by 73 · see citing works
The role of nitric oxide-induced atill6 in growth and disease resistance in arabidopsis thaliana
Khan, M., Al Azawi, T. N. I., Pande, A., Mun, B.-G., Lee, D.-S., Hussain, A., Lee, B.-H., & Yun, B.-W. (2021) · Frontiers in Plant Science · doi:10.3389/fpls.2021.685156 · Cited by 61 · see citing works
FORCA, a promoter element that responds to crosstalk between defense and light signaling
Evrard, A., Ndatimana, T., & Eulgem, T. (2009) · BMC Plant Biology · doi:10.1186/1471-2229-9-2 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Perturbation of ubiquitin homeostasis promotes macrophage oxidative defenses
Charbonneau, M.-E., Passalacqua, K. D., Hagen, S. E., Showalter, H. D., Wobus, C. E., & O’Riordan, M. X. D. (2019) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-019-46526-9 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Exploring fern pathosystems and immune receptors to bridge gaps in plant immunity
Castel, B., Baker, M., Keller, J., Martinez, Y., Bonhomme, M., Delaux, P.-M., & Jacquet, C. (2025) · BMC Biology · doi:10.1186/s12915-025-02413-6 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
- Authors
- Jones, J. D. G., & Dangl, J. L.
- Affiliations
- John Innes Centre (GB)
- University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill (US)
- Corresponding author
- Jones, Jonathan D. G.
- Dangl, Jeffery L.
- Venue
- Nature
- Published
- 2006-11
- Volume
- 444
- Issue
- 7117
- Pages
- 323-329
- ISSN
- 0028-0836 (ISSN-L)
- 1476-4687
- OpenAlex
- W2162515800
- Cited by
- 13,177
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2026: 701 · 2025: 860 · 2024: 965 · 2023: 909 · 2022: 1055 · 2021: 945 · 2020: 974 · 2019: 764 · 2018: 694 · 2017: 724 · 2016: 658 · 2015: 614 · 2014: 620 · 2013: 584 · 2012: 498
- FWCI
- 20.82
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Licence
- www.springer.com/tdm (tdm)
- Locations
- Nature (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- RePEc: Research Papers in Economics (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Plant Science › Plant-Microbe Interactions and Immunity
- Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Immunology › Immune Response and Inflammation
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Plant Science › Plant Pathogenic Bacteria Studies
- Keywords
- plant innate immunity, plant immunity, pathogen recognition, pathogen-associated molecular patterns, pathogen virulence factors, plant defense, plant-associated microorganisms, plant-pathogen interaction, crop improvement, pest control
- MeSH terms
- Immunity, Innate, Plant Diseases, Plants, Virulence Factors
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review