Cited by 145Mycotoxins in Agriculture and FoodPlant Pathogens and Fungal DiseasesPhytase and its Applications

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Toxigenic fungi and mycotoxins in mature corn silage

Richard, E., Heutte, N., Sage, L., Pottier, D., Bouchart, V., Lebailly, P., Garon, D.·2007·Food and Chemical Toxicology

DOI 10.1016/j.fct.2007.06.018

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Abstract

To investigate the exposure of livestock and farm workers to mycotoxins during the last months of silage use, the mycoflora and the mycotoxins in a mature silage (11-months-old) were studied. A multimycotoxin method was developed to evaluate the toxigenic in vitro ability of fungal strains. The screening of potentially toxigenic fungi isolated from the mature silage showed that six Fusaria (Fusarium culmorum, Fusarium equiseti, Fusarium graminearum, Fusarium oxysporum, Fusarium solani and Fusarium verticillioides) and one Aspergillus (Aspergillus fumigatus) were able to produce mycotoxins on nutrient agar. Seven major mycotoxins (aflatoxin B(1), citrinin, deoxynivalenol, fumonisin B(1), gliotoxin, ochratoxin A and zearalenone) were also searched in the corn silage by high-performance liquid chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS). Among the three mycotoxins (citrinin, gliotoxin and deoxynivalenol) detected in the silage, gliotoxin, a strongly immunosuppressive mycotoxin, occurred in the mature silage at level up to 877 ppb, which was associated with the presence of A. fumigatus in the silage.

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Influential
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Background
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Background
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Background
Prevalence of Fusarium fungi and their toxins in marketed feed
Hassan, Z. U., Thani, R. A., Balmas, V., Migheli, Q., & Jaoua, S. (2019) · Food Control · doi:10.1016/j.foodcont.2019.04.045 · Cited by 26
Corn silage from corn treated with foliar fungicide and performance of Holstein cows
Haerr, K. J., Lopes, N. M., Pereira, M. N., Fellows, G. M., & Cardoso, F. C. (2015) · Journal of Dairy Science · doi:10.3168/jds.2015-9887 · Cited by 25
“Infestation by fungal colonies can also decrease corn silage quality and can pose a risk for the animals and people exposed to the feed (dos Santos et al., 2003; Richard et al., 2007).”
Understanding the mycobiota of maize from the highlands of Guatemala, and implications for maize quality and safety
Mendoza, J. R., Kok, C. R., Stratton, J., Bianchini, A., & Hallen‐Adams, H. E. (2017) · Crop Protection · doi:10.1016/j.cropro.2017.07.009 · Cited by 23
Presence of mycotoxins in sugar beet pulp silage collected in France
Boudra, H., Rouillé, B., Lyan, B., & Morgavi, D. P. (2015) · Animal Feed Science and Technology · doi:10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2015.04.010 · Cited by 22
Modelling the effect of pH and water activity in the growth ofAspergillus fumigatusisolated from corn silage
Alonso, V., Cavaglieri, L. R., Ramos, A. J., Torres, A. M., & Marı́n, S. (2017) · Journal of Applied Microbiology · doi:10.1111/jam.13395 · Cited by 22
“The lactic acid bacteria promote a natural fermentation that lowers the pH to a level that is considered unfavourable for the growth of clostridia and most moulds (Richard et al. 2007) and the pH decreases to 3 8–5 0.”
Background
Nanoencapsulated Essential Oils with Enhanced Antifungal Activity for Potential Application on Agri-Food, Material and Environmental Fields.
Kapustová, M., Granata, G., Napoli, E., Puškárová, A., Bučková, M., Pangallo, D., & Geraci, C. (1957) · PubMed Central · doi:10.3390/antibiotics10010031 · Cited by 21
“Other fungi, such as members of the genera Geotrichum, Mucor and Fusarium, can be isolated from various foods where they can release dangerous mycotoxins [6,7].”
Background
Sample preparation optimization for the simultaneous determination of mycotoxins in cereals
Rahmani, A., Jinap, S., Soleimany, F., Khatib, A., & Tan, C. P. (2011) · European Food Research and Technology · doi:10.1007/s00217-011-1431-y · Cited by 21
High-sensitivity direct analysis of aflatoxins in peanuts and cereal matrices by ultra-performance liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection involving a large volume flow cell
Oulkar, D. P., Goon, A., Dhanshetty, M., Khan, Z. S., Satav, S., & Banerjee, K. (2017) · Journal of Environmental Science and Health Part B · doi:10.1080/03601234.2017.1410416 · Cited by 21
Evolution of fungal population and mycotoxins in sorghum silage
del Palacio, A., Mionetto, A., Bettucci, L., & Pan, D. (2016) · Food Additives & Contaminants Part A · doi:10.1080/19440049.2016.1244732 · Cited by 20
“metabolise some of the mycotoxins present (Garon et al. 2006; Richard et al. 2007; Cheli et al. 2013).”
Background
Tempo de armazenamento e manejo do painel no valor nutritivo de silagens de milho
Junges, D. (2014) · Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations (Universidade de São Paulo) · doi:10.11606/t.11.2014.tde-11112014-135306 · Cited by 20
Aflatoxin M1 occurrence in fluid milk commercialized in Monterrey, Mexico
Quevedo‐Garza, P. A., Amador‐Espejo, G. G., Martínez, P. C. C., & Trujillo, A. J. (2018) · Journal of Food Safety · doi:10.1111/jfs.12507 · Cited by 19
Combined and individual effects of diatomaceous earth and methyl eugenol against stored products insect pests
Ertürk, S. (2021) · Turkish Journal of Entomology · doi:10.16970/entoted.843178 · Cited by 18
“Additionally, by altering the microflora, they may cause mycotoxin formation on the products, which are dangerous especially for warm-blooded living organisms (Dawson et al., 2004; Richard et al., 2007).”
Background
Quantitative risk assessment for aflatoxin M1 associated with the consumption of milk and traditional dairy products in Argentina
Costamagna, D. A., Gaggiotti, M., & Signorini, M. L. (2021) · Mycotoxin Research · doi:10.1007/s12550-021-00444-w · Cited by 17
“Silage is one of the most important cattle feeds and one of the main sources of fungi (Richard et al. 2007).”
Background
Farm-to-fork risk assessment of aflatoxin M1 in milk under climate change scenarios – A comparative study of France and Ireland
Chhaya, R. S., Membré, J., Nag, R., & Cummins, E. (2023) · Food Control · doi:10.1016/j.foodcont.2023.109713 · Cited by 17
Mycotoxin risk management in maize gluten meal
Chang, J., Luo, H., Li, L., Zhang, J., Harvey, J., Zhao, Y., Zhang, G., & Liu, Y. (2023) · Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition · doi:10.1080/10408398.2023.2190412 · Cited by 17
“AFB 1 , total AFs, AFM 1 , DON, total FBs, OTA, T-2 and HT-2 toxins and ZEN are regulated in unprocessed maize and different maize derivatives consumed by humans, as well as products used as animal feed (European Commission (EC)) 2006, 2007; Schaarschmidt and Fauhl-Hassek 2021).”
Influential
Changes in the concentrations of fumonisin, deoxynivalenol and zearalenone in corn silage during ensilage
Uegaki, R., Tsukiboshi, T., & Tohno, M. (2013) · Animal Science Journal · doi:10.1111/asj.12053 · Cited by 17
Seasonal Diversity and Occurrence of Filamentous Fungi in Smallholder Dairy Cattle Feeds and Feedstuffs in South Africa
Adelusi, O. A., Gbashi, S., Adebo, J. A., Makhuvele, R., Aasa, A. O., Oladeji, O. M., Khoza, M., Okoth, S., & Njobeh, P. B. (2022) · Journal of Fungi · doi:10.3390/jof8111192 · Cited by 16
“[52] confirmed that these three aforementioned fungal genera are the most occurring contaminants of cattle feeds in France, with a similar report by Ghiasan and Maghsood [39] identifying Aspergillus (37.”
Result
Presence of mycophenolic acid, roquefortine C, citrinin and ochratoxin A in maize and grass silages supplied to dairy cattle in Belgium
Tangni, E. K., Pussemier, L., Bastiaanse, H., Haesaert, G., Foucart, G., & Hove, F. V. (2013) · Ghent University Academic Bibliography (Ghent University) · Cited by 15
Review: Strategies and technologies in preventing regulated and emerging mycotoxin co-contamination in forage for safeguarding ruminant health
Gallo, A., Catellani, A., Ghilardelli, F., Lapris, M., & Mastroeni, C. (2024) · animal · doi:10.1016/j.animal.2024.101280 · Cited by 16
Temperature and microbial changes of corn silage during aerobic exposure
Lee, S. S., Lee, H., Paradhipta, D. H. V., Joo, Y. H., Kim, S. B., Kim, S. C., & Kim, S. C. (2018) · Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences · doi:10.5713/ajas.18.0566 · Cited by 15
Microbiological and Toxicological Evaluation of Fermented Forages
Adácsi, C., Kovács, S., Pócsi, I., Győri, Z., Dombrádi, Z., & Pusztahelyi, T. (2022) · Agriculture · doi:10.3390/agriculture12030421 · Cited by 14
“The composition and size of the microbiome can affect mold growth and the available mycotoxins [9,10].”
Background
Efficacy of corn silage inoculants on the fermentation quality under farm conditions and their influence onAspergillus parasitucus, A. flavus and A. fumigatusdetermined by q-PCR
Dogi, C. A., Pellegrino, M., Poloni, V. L., Poloni, L., Pereyra, C. M., Sanabria, A., Pianzzola, M. J., Dalcero, A. M., & Cavaglieri, L. R. (2014) · Food Additives & Contaminants Part A · doi:10.1080/19440049.2014.986223 · Cited by 12
“Previous studies demonstrated that Aspergillus and Fusarium were the most frequent fungi isolated from corn silage in Argentina and other countries (Mansfield & Kuldau 2007; Richard et al. 2007; González Pereyra et al. 2008, 2011).”
BackgroundResult
Bacillus velezensisas antagonist towardsPenicillium roqueforti s.l. in silage:in vitroandin vivoevaluation
Wambacq, E., Audenaert, K., Höfte, M., Saeger, S. D., & Haesaert, G. (2018) · Journal of Applied Microbiology · doi:10.1111/jam.13944 · Cited by 12
“Mainly during the feedout period of silages, when air inevitably regains entrance into the silo, the prevention of their growth and possible mycotoxin production is difficult (Nout et al. 1993; Auerbach et al. 1998; Boysen et al. 2000; Garon et al. 2006; Mansfield and Kuldau 2007; O’Brien et al. 2007a, 2007b; Richard…”
Background
Seed quality in informal seed systems
Biemond, P. C. (2013) · doi:10.18174/259025 · Cited by 12
Lactic Acid Bacteria and Bacteriocins in Feed Preservation: Mechanisms and Antifungal Properties
de Azevedo, P. O. D. S., & Gierus, M. (2025) · Grass and Forage Science · doi:10.1111/gfs.12711 · Cited by 13
How Maize Seed Systems Can Contribute to the Control of Mycotoxigenic Fungal Infection: A Perspective
Biemond, P. C., Stomph, T. J., Kumar, P. L., & Struik, P. C. (2021) · Agronomy · doi:10.3390/agronomy11112168 · Cited by 11
Fungal secondary metabolite gliotoxin enhances enzymatic activity in soils by reshaping their microbiome
Teslya, A. V., Gurina, E. V., Владимировна, П. Д., Stepanov, A. A., Iashnikov, A. V., & Vasilchenko, A. S. (2024) · Rhizosphere · doi:10.1016/j.rhisph.2024.100960 · Cited by 10
Mass spectrometry in multi-mycotoxin and fungal spore analysis
Spanjer, M. C. (2011) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1533/9780857090973.1.90 · Cited by 10
Modified use of a commercial ELISA kit for deoxynivalenol determination in rice and corn silage
Hiraoka, H., Yamamoto, K., Mori, Y., Asao, N., FUKUNAKA, R., 出口, 健., Iida, K., Miyazaki, S., & Goto, T. (2012) · Mycotoxin Research · doi:10.1007/s12550-012-0155-6 · Cited by 10
Mycotoxin production by pure fungal isolates analysed by means of an uhplc-ms/ms multi-mycotoxin method with possible pitfalls and solutions for patulin-producing isolates
Pamel, E. V., Vlaemynck, G., Heyndrickx, M., Herman, L., Verbeken, A., & Daeseleire, E. (2010) · Mycotoxin Research · doi:10.1007/s12550-010-0073-4 · Cited by 10
“This finding was supported by the results from Richard et al. (2007) , who used a separate extraction step with MeOH/HOAc (99:1, v/v) for FB1.”
Result
Aspergillus fumigatus toxins cause cytotoxic and apoptotic effects on human T lymphocytes (Jurkat cells)
Malekinejad, H., Fani, F. A. G. R., Shafiei‐Irannejad, V., & Fink-Gremmel, F. (2012) · World Mycotoxin Journal · doi:10.3920/wmj2012.1481 · Cited by 8
Amylose-Free (“ waxy ”) Wheat Colonization by Fusarium spp. and Response to Fusarium Head Blight
Funnell, D. L., Graybosch, R. A., O’Neill, P. M., Duray, Z. T., & Wegulo, S. N. (2018) · Plant Disease · doi:10.1094/pdis-05-18-0726-re · Cited by 8
Survey on Pest and Disease of Corn (Zea Mays Linn) grown at BRIS Soil Area
Sulong, Y., Zakaria, A. J., Mohamed, S. G. A., Sajili, M. H., & Ngah, N. (2019) · Journal Of Agrobiotechnology · Cited by 8
Mycological Survey and Total Aflatoxin Analyze in Silage from Qaemshahr City (Northern Iran)
Hashemi, M., Azizi, I. G., Rezai, Z., & Rouhi, S. (2012) · DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) · Cited by 7
QUALITATIVE AND QUANTITATIVE ANALYSIS
McNair, H. M., Miller, J. M., & Snow, N. H. (2019) · doi:10.1002/9781119450795.ch9 · Cited by 7
Identificación de Fusarium en granos de frijol negro (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) en Costa Rica
Mora, A. Z. G., Blanco-Meneses, M., Granados-Montero, M. D. M., & Meneses, M. V. (2021) · Agronomía Costarricense · doi:10.15517/rac.v45i2.47767 · Cited by 6
Inoculação de Pseudomonas fluorescens e adubação NPK na composição química e contaminação fungo-fumonisina de milho
Bernd, L. P., Souza, T. M., de Oliveira, M. A., Ono, E. Y. S., Zucareli, C., & Hirooka, E. Y. (2014) · Revista Brasileira de Engenharia Agrícola e Ambiental · doi:10.1590/1807-1929/agriambi.v18n12p1274-1280 · Cited by 6
Dichloran rose-bengal chloramphenicol agar: preferred medium for isolating mycotoxigenic fungal contaminants in silage
Pamel, E. V., Daeseleire, E., Boever, J. L. D., Heyndrickx, M., Herman, L., Verbeken, A., & Vlaemynck, G. (2009) · World Mycotoxin Journal · doi:10.3920/wmj2009.1143 · Cited by 6
Incidence of Mycotoxins (AFB1 and AFM1 ) in Feeds and Dairy Farms from Rio de Janeiro State, Brazil
Keller, L. A. M., Aronovich, M., Keller, K. M., Castagna, A. A., Cavaglieri, L. R., & Rosa, C. A. R. (2016) · Veterinary Medicine - Open Journal · doi:10.17140/vmoj-1-106 · Cited by 6
Survey of Fungal Diversity in Silages Supplied to Dairy Cattle in Belgium Over a Two-Year Period
Tangni, E. K., Wambacq, E., Bastiaanse, H., Haesaert, G., Pussemier, L., De, J., & Foucart, F. (2017) · Journal of Animal Science Advances · doi:10.5455/jasa.196912310400000110 · Cited by 6
“Sci. Adv., 2017, 7(1): 1861-1873 the predominance of P. roqueforti while the incidence of P. paneum was very low (O’Brien et al., 2007) or inexistent (Garon et al., 2006; Richard et al., 2007).”
BackgroundResultInfluential
Application of Dimensionality Reduction and Machine Learning Methods for the Interpretation of Gas Sensor Array Readouts from Mold-Threatened Buildings
Łagód, G., Piłat-Rożek, M., Majerek, D., Łazuka, E., Suchorab, Z., Guz, Ł., Kočí, V., & Černý, R. (2023) · Applied Sciences · doi:10.3390/app13158588 · Cited by 6
A survey of South African silage for fungi and mycotoxins
Ndlovu, C., & Dutton, M. F. (2013) · African Journal of Agricultural Research · doi:10.5897/ajar2013.6850 · Cited by 6
Comparative Toxigenicity and Associated Mutagenicity of Aspergillus fumigatus and Aspergillus flavus Group Isolates Collected from the Agricultural Environment
Lanier, C., Garon, D., Heutte, N., Bouchart, V., & André, V. (2020) · Toxins · doi:10.3390/toxins12070458 · Cited by 6
“fumigatus, even in temperate/mild climate [1,2].”
Self-citation
Microbiota-driven shaping of volatile compound profiles in whole-plant corn silage: Impacts of Lactiplantibacillus plantarum, Lactiplantibacillus buchneri, and their co-inoculation during fermentation
Xue, S., Zhao, L., Wang, J., Li, Y., He, J., Han, J., Xu, H., Liang, S., & Ai, N. (2026) · Food Bioscience · doi:10.1016/j.fbio.2026.108251 · Cited by 5

Authors: Richard, E., Heutte, N., Sage, L., Pottier, D., Bouchart, V., Lebailly, P., & Garon, D.
Affiliations: Centre François Baclesse (FR)
Université Joseph Fourier (FR)
Corresponding author: Garon, D.
ORCID: Richard, E.
Heutte, N.
Bouchart, V.
Lebailly, P.
Garon, D.
Venue: Food and Chemical Toxicology
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Published: 2007-12
Volume: 45
Issue: 12
Pages: 2420-2425
ISSN: 0278-6915 (ISSN-L)
DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2007.06.018
OpenAlex: W1977803117
Cited by: 145
References: 30
Citations by year: 2026: 3 · 2025: 2 · 2024: 5 · 2023: 7 · 2022: 9 · 2021: 12 · 2020: 5 · 2019: 6 · 2018: 8 · 2017: 11 · 2016: 8 · 2015: 9 · 2014: 9 · 2013: 14 · 2012: 11
FWCI: 6.86
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Licence: www.elsevier.com/tdm/userlicense/1.0/ (tdm)
www.elsevier.com/legal/tdmrep-license (tdm)
Locations: Food and Chemical Toxicology (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
HAL (submittedVersion)
Topics: Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Plant Science › Mycotoxins in Agriculture and Food
Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Plant Science › Plant Pathogens and Fungal Diseases
Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Plant Science › Phytase and its Applications
Keywords: mycotoxins, corn silage, Fusarium, Aspergillus fumigatus, gliotoxin, citrinin, deoxynivalenol, toxigenic fungi
MeSH terms: Aspergillus, Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid, Zea mays, Food Microbiology, Fusarium, Humans, Mycotoxins, Mass Spectrometry

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Toxigenic fungi and mycotoxins in mature corn silage

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