The DOI matches its Crossref record; 5 of the 5 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Exploiting the potential of insects for in vivo pathogenicity testing of microbial pathogens
Abstract
Conventional assays for quantifying the virulence of microbial pathogens and mutants have traditionally relied upon the use of a range of mammalian species. A number of workers have demonstrated that insects can be used for evaluating microbial pathogenicity and provide results comparable to those that can be obtained with mammals since one component of the vertebrate immune system, the innate immune response, remains similar to that found in insects. Larvae of the Greater Wax Moth Galleria mellonella have been used to evaluate the virulence of a range of bacterial and fungal pathogens and a correlation with the virulence of these microbes in mice has been established. This review highlights the similarities of the vertebrate and insect innate immune responses to infection and identifies the potential use of insects for the in vivo evaluation of the microbial pathogenicity.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
The chemistry of peroxynitrite: A product from the reaction of nitric oxide with superoxide
Pryor, W. A., & Squadrito, G. L. (1995) · American Journal of Physiology-Lung Cellular and Molecular Physiology · doi:10.1152/ajplung.1995.268.5.l699 · Cited by 1,511 · cited 1×
“Lysozymes in insects are 14kDa proteins [2], may be found in haemostatic cells [1] and were the first anti-bacterial factor purified from insect haemolymph [74].”
BackgroundIdentification of nitric oxide synthase as a protective locus against tuberculosis
MacMicking, J. D., North, R. J., LaCourse, R., Mudgett, J. S., Shah, S. K., & Nathan, C. F. (1997) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.94.10.5243 · Cited by 1,180
Oxygen metabolism and the toxic properties of phagocytes
KLEBANOFF, S. J. (1980) · Annals of Internal Medicine · doi:10.7326/0003-4819-93-3-480 · Cited by 868
The significance of iron in infection
Bullen, J. J. (1981) · Clinical Infectious Diseases · doi:10.1093/clinids/3.6.1127 · Cited by 603
Immunity to Candida albicans: Th1, Th2 cells and beyond
Romani, L. (1999) · Current Opinion in Microbiology · doi:10.1016/s1369-5274(99)80064-2 · Cited by 189
Cited by
Galleria mellonella as a Model System To Study Acinetobacter baumannii Pathogenesis and Therapeutics
Peleg, A. Y., Jara, S., Monga, D., Eliopoulos, G. M., Moellering, R. C., & Mylonakis, E. (2009) · Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy · doi:10.1128/aac.01533-08 · Cited by 320
Krappmann, S., Sasse, C., & Braus, G. H. (2006) · Eukaryotic Cell · doi:10.1128/ec.5.1.212-215.2006 · Cited by 287
Mehta, S., Singh, C., Plata, K. B., Chanda, P. K., Paul, A., Riosa, S., Rosato, R. R., & Rosato, A. E. (2012) · Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy · doi:10.1128/aac.01525-12 · Cited by 142
Pathogenicity of Aspergillus fumigatus mutants assessed in Galleria mellonella matches that in mice
Slater, J. L., Gregson, L., Denning, D. W., & Warn, P. A. (2011) · Medical Mycology · doi:10.3109/13693786.2010.523852 · Cited by 136
Immune Response of Galleria mellonella against Human Fungal Pathogens
Trevijano-Contador, N., & Zaragoza, O. (2018) · Journal of Fungi · doi:10.3390/jof5010003 · Cited by 134
Metadata
- Authors
- Kavanagh, K., & Reeves, E. P.
- Venue
- FEMS Microbiology Reviews
- Publisher
- Oxford University Press (OUP)
- Published
- 2004-02
- Volume
- 28
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 101-112
- ISSN
- 0168-6445 (ISSN-L)
- 1574-6976
- OpenAlex
- W2141905703
- Cited by
- 381
- References
- 5
- FWCI
- 1.77
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
How to cite
Cite CoChat for the checks on this page, and the paper for its own findings.
- This page
- CoChat. (2026). Citation check: Exploiting the potential of insects for in vivo pathogenicity testing of microbial pathogens. https://app.cochat.ai/papers/10.1016/j.femsre.2003.09.002
- The paper
- Kavanagh, K., & Reeves, E. P. (2004). Exploiting the potential of insects for in vivo pathogenicity testing of microbial pathogens. FEMS Microbiology Reviews. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.femsre.2003.09.002
Data sources
Bibliographic data: Semantic Scholar, OpenAlex, Crossref.
Contains information from the Semantic Scholar Academic Graph Datasets, made available under the ODC Attribution License (ODC-BY 1.0).
Semantic Scholar’s data is described in: Kinney, R., et al. (2023). The Semantic Scholar Open Data Platform. arXiv:2301.10140.
