The chemistry of peroxynitrite: A product from the reaction of nitric oxide with superoxide
Abstract
Nitric oxide and superoxide, which are produced by several cell types, rapidly combine to form peroxynitrite. This reaction can result in nitric oxide scavenging, and thus mitigation of the biological effects of superoxide. Also, superoxide can trap and hence modulate the effects of nitric oxide; superoxide dismutase, by controlling superoxide levels, therefore can influence the reaction pathways open to nitric oxide. The production of peroxynitrite, however, causes its own sequelae of events: Although neither .NO nor superoxide is a strong oxidant, peroxynitrite is a potent and versatile oxidant that can attack a wide range of biological targets. The peroxynitrite anion is relatively stable, but its acid, peroxynitrous acid (HOONO), rearranges to form nitrate with a half-life of approximately 1 s at pH 7, 37 degrees C. HOONO exists as a Boltzmann distribution of rotamers; at 5-37 degrees C HOONO has an apparent acidity constant, pKa,app, of 6.8. Oxidation reactions of HOONO can involve two-electron processes (such as an SN2 displacement) or a one-electron transfer (ET) reaction in which the substrate is oxidized by one electron and peroxynitrite is reduced. These oxidation reactions could involve one of two mechanisms. The first mechanism is homolysis of HOONO to give HO. and .NO2, which initially are held together in a solvent cage. This caged pair of radicals (the "geminate" pair) can either diffuse apart, giving free radicals that can perform oxidations, or react together either to form nitrate or to reform HOONO (a process called cage return). A large amount of cage return can explain the small entropy of activation (Arrhenius A-factor) observed for the decomposition of HOONO. A cage mechanism also can explain the residual yield of nitrate that appears to be formed even in the presence of high concentrations of all of the scavengers studied to date, since scavengers capture only free HO. and .NO2 and not caged radicals. If the cage mechanism is correct, the rate of disappearance of peroxynitrite be slower in solvents of higher viscosity, and we do not find this to be the case. The second mechanism is that an activated isomer of peroxynitrous acid, HOONO*, can be formed in a steady state. The HOONO* mechanism can explain the inability of hydroxyl radical scavengers to completely block either nitrate formation or the oxidation of substrates such as methionine, since HOONO* would be less reactive, and therefore more selective, than the hydroxyl radical itself.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
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Peroxynitrite can nitrate tyrosine or tryptophan residues or oxidise methionine residues.
“In addition, peroxynitrite is capable of nitrating tyrosine or tryptophan residues, or oxidising methionine residues [123,124,125,126,127,128].”
From Superoxide Anion Chemistry—Its Role at the Core of the Innate Immunity (2023) · cites this paper as [126]
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“This behavior has been interpreted to involve competition between direct, firstorder reaction of peroxynitrite with substrate and quenching by substrate of any activated form of peroxynitrite complex (Pryor and Squadrito, 1995).”
BackgroundPrevention of contrast-induced nephropathy with sodium bicarbonate: a randomized controlled trial.
Merten, G. J., Burgess, W. P., Gray, L. V., Holleman, J. H., Roush, T. S., Kowalchuk, G. J., Bersin, R. M., Moore, A. V., Simonton, C. A., Rittase, R. A., et al. (2004) · PubMed · doi:10.1001/jama.291.19.2328 · Cited by 1,081 · see citing works
“Also, superoxide generated by ischemia might react with medullary nitric oxide to form the potent oxidant peroxynitrite.(42) At physiologic concentrations, bicarbonate scavenges peroxynitrite and other reactive species generated from nitric oxide.”
BackgroundPhagocytes and oxidative stress
Babior, B. M. (2000) · The American Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1016/s0002-9343(00)00481-2 · Cited by 1,061 · see citing works
ACETAMINOPHEN-INDUCED HEPATOTOXICITY
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“Peroxynitrite is a species that not only leads to the nitration of tyrosine but is also a potent oxidant that can attack a wide range of biological targets (Pryor and Squadrito, 1995), and under conditions of reduced cellular oxidant scavenging capability, peroxynitrite is highly toxic (Beckman and Koppenol, 1996).”
BackgroundThe chemical biology of nitric oxide: Implications in cellular signaling
Thomas, D. D., Ridnour, L. A., Isenberg, J. S., Flores-Santana, W., Switzer, C. H., Donzelli, S., Hussain, P., Vecoli, C., Paolocci, N., Ambs, S., et al. (2008) · Free Radical Biology and Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2008.03.020 · Cited by 975 · see citing works
Mechanisms of oxidative stress in plants: From classical chemistry to cell biology
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Nitric oxide in health and disease of the respiratory system
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Reactive Oxygen-Mediated Protein Oxidation in Aging and Disease
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Nitric oxide signalling in plants
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Mitochondrial damage induced by conditions of oxidative stress
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Oxidative damage in the central nervous system: protection by melatonin
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“…ability to initiate lipid peroxidation, but it also reduces mitchondrial respiration, inhibits the function of membrane pumps, depletes cellular GSH, and damages DNA leading to activation of poly(ADP ribose) synthase which causes cellular energy depletion (Pryor and Squadrito, 1995; Szabo, 1996).”
BackgroundInfluentialChemical Basis of Reactive Oxygen Species Reactivity and Involvement in Neurodegenerative Diseases
Collin, F. (2019) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms20102407 · Cited by 822 · see citing works
Status of myocardial antioxidants in ischemia–reperfusion injury
Dhalla, N. S. (2000) · Cardiovascular Research · doi:10.1016/s0008-6363(00)00078-x · Cited by 803 · see citing works
Oxidative chemistry of nitric oxide: the roles of superoxide, peroxynitrite, and carbon dioxide
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Self-citationMechanisms and consequences of intestinal dysbiosis
Weiss, G. A., & Hennet, T. (2017) · Cellular and Molecular Life Sciences · doi:10.1007/s00018-017-2509-x · Cited by 775 · see citing works
“The reaction of nitric oxide with superoxide anion yields peroxynitrile (ONOO−), which is a strong reactive product of the respiratory burst of macrophages [168].”
BackgroundUnraveling peroxynitrite formation in biological systems
Radi, R., Peluffo, G., Alvarez, M. N., Naviliat, M., & Cayota, A. (2001) · Free Radical Biology and Medicine · doi:10.1016/s0891-5849(00)00373-7 · Cited by 735 · see citing works
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“both of which are also highly reactive (22).”
BackgroundHydroxyl Radical-Mediated Modification of Proteins as Probes for Structural Proteomics
Xu, G., & Chance, M. R. (2007) · Chemical Reviews · doi:10.1021/cr0682047 · Cited by 685 · see citing works
Nitric oxide metabolism and breakdown
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Biochemistry of Peroxynitrite and Protein Tyrosine Nitration
Ferrer‐Sueta, G., Campolo, N., Trujillo, M., Bartesaghi, S., Carballal, S., Romero, N., Álvarez, B., & Radí, R. (2018) · Chemical Reviews · doi:10.1021/acs.chemrev.7b00568 · Cited by 645 · see citing works
Oxidative stress in ALS: Key role in motor neuron injury and therapeutic target
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“Superoxide reacts rapidly with nitric oxide, a weak oxidant produced by nitric oxide synthase (NOS), to produce peroxynitrite (ONOO−) [21,22], whereas hydrogen peroxide slowly decomposes to the highly reactive hydroxyl radical (⋅OH) in a process that can be catalyzed by reduced metal ions such as Fe in the Fenton reac…”
BackgroundRole of oxidants in microbial pathophysiology
Miller, R. A., & Britigan, B. E. (1997) · Clinical Microbiology Reviews · doi:10.1128/cmr.10.1.1 · Cited by 577 · see citing works
Nitric oxide dioxygenase: An enzymic function for flavohemoglobin
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Nitric oxide synthase activity in mitochondria
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“7 3 10 9 M/s with O 2 ? 2 to form ONOO 2 (15, 16), an oxidant capable of damaging lipids, proteins, and DNA; ONOO 2 has been associated with enhanced killing of S .”
BackgroundProtein Oxidation in Aging and Age‐Related Diseases
Stadtman, E. R. (2001) · Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1111/j.1749-6632.2001.tb05632.x · Cited by 660 · see citing works
Multiple pathways of peroxynitrite cytotoxicity
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Oxidative stress, cardiolipin and mitochondrial dysfunction in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease
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Oxidative stress in ALS: A mechanism of neurodegeneration and a therapeutic target
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“1) [8,9].”
What nitrates tyrosine? Is nitrotyrosine specific as a biomarker of peroxynitrite formation in vivo?
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Free radical biology and medicine: it's a gas, man!
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Self-citationStasch, J., Schmidt, P. M., Nedvetsky, P. I., Nedvetskaya, T. Y., Kumar, A. H. S., Meurer, S., Deile, M., Taye, A., Knorr, A., Lapp, H., et al. (2006) · Journal of Clinical Investigation · doi:10.1172/jci28371 · Cited by 456 · see citing works
“To address the effect of the Fe2+/Fe3+ sGC redox ratio on the BAY 58-2667 response, heme-containing and heme-free sGC were incubated with increasing concentrations of 1H-[1,2,4]oxadiazolo [3,4-a]quinoxalin-1-one (ODQ) in the presence of BAY 58-2667.”
BackgroundMethodI. Physiological chemistry of nitric oxide and its metabolites: implications in inflammation
Grisham, M. B., Jourd’heuil, D., & Wink, D. A. (1999) · American Journal of Physiology-Gastrointestinal and Liver Physiology · doi:10.1152/ajpgi.1999.276.2.g315 · Cited by 451 · see citing works
Nitric oxide and its role in apoptosis
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DNA Damage Induced by Peroxynitrite: Subsequent Biological Effects
Szabó, C., & Ohshima, H. (1997) · Nitric Oxide · doi:10.1006/niox.1997.0143 · Cited by 444 · see citing works
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Cellular mechanisms of neuropathic pain, morphine tolerance, and their interactions
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Antioxidant Activities and Oxidative Stress Byproducts in Human Hypertension
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Chemistry of Peroxynitrites as Compared to Peroxynitrates
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Diffusion of peroxynitrite across erythrocyte membranes
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Inhaled Nitric Oxide Therapy in Adults
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Chapter 7 Protein Oxidation Processes in Aging Brain
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Bench-to-bedside review: Cytopathic hypoxia.
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“tions, however, NO· reacts rapidly with O2· to form peroxynitrite (ONOO–), which is a potent oxidizing and nitrosating agent [36–39].”
BackgroundFukuto, J. M., Carrington, S. J., Tantillo, D. J., Harrison, J. G., Ignarro, L. J., Freeman, B. A., Chen, A., & Wink, D. A. (2012) · Chemical Research in Toxicology · doi:10.1021/tx2005234 · Cited by 389 · see citing works
Exploiting the potential of insects for in vivo pathogenicity testing of microbial pathogens
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“Lysozymes in insects are 14kDa proteins [2], may be found in haemostatic cells [1] and were the first anti-bacterial factor purified from insect haemolymph [74].”
BackgroundMelatonin, cardiolipin and mitochondrial bioenergetics in health and disease
Paradies, G., Petrosillo, G., Paradies, V., Reiter, R. J., & Ruggiero, F. M. (2010) · Journal of Pineal Research · doi:10.1111/j.1600-079x.2010.00759.x · Cited by 378 · see citing works
“The oxidizing reactivity of ONOO is generally considered equivalent to that of ÆOH [54].”
BackgroundProtein Nitration in Cardiovascular Diseases
Turko, I. V., & Murad, F. (2002) · Pharmacological Reviews · doi:10.1124/pr.54.4.619 · Cited by 372 · see citing works
“with a wide variety of biomolecules results in the production of nitrite (Pryor and Squadrito, 1995).”
BackgroundSquadrito, G. L., Cueto, R., Splenser, A. E., Valavanidis, A., Zhang, H., Uppu, R. M., & Pryor, W. A. (2000) · Archives of Biochemistry and Biophysics · doi:10.1006/abbi.2000.1721 · Cited by 366 · see citing works
Self-citationIdentification of nitrated proteins in Alzheimer’s disease brain using a redox proteomics approach
Sultana, R., Poon, H. F., Cai, J., Pierce, W. M., Merchant, M., Klein, J. B., Markesbery, W. R., & Butterfield, D. A. (2006) · Neurobiology of Disease · doi:10.1016/j.nbd.2005.10.004 · Cited by 364 · see citing works
“Peroxynitrite is an extremely strong oxidant with a half-life of <1 s, and the homolytic cleavage of peroxynitrite results in the production of hydroxyl radicals which have much more deleterious effect than peroxynitrate itself (Beckman, 1996; Pryor and Squadrito, 1995).”
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“…Beckman and Koppenol 1996; Goldstein and Merényi 2008; Koppenol et al. 1992; Murphy et al. 1998; Pacher et al. 2007; Pavlovic and Santaniello 2007; Pryor and Squadrito 1995; Radi et al. 2001, 2002; Rubbo and O’Donnell 2005; Rubbo et al. 2009; Smith et al. 1997b; Squadrito and Pryor 1998; Szabo…”
BackgroundMelatonin: From Basic Research to Cancer Treatment Clinics
Vijayalaxmi, V., Thomas, C. R., Reiter, R. J., & Herman, T. S. (2002) · Journal of Clinical Oncology · doi:10.1200/jco.2002.11.004 · Cited by 358 · see citing works
Role of Angiotensin and Oxidative Stress in Essential Hypertension
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Yermilov, V., Rubio, J., & Ohshima, H. (1995) · FEBS Letters · doi:10.1016/0014-5793(95)01281-6 · Cited by 356 · see citing works
Nitric oxide and intestinal inflammation
Kubes, P., & McCafferty, D. (2000) · The American Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1016/s0002-9343(00)00480-0 · Cited by 350 · see citing works
The molecular basis of asbestos induced lung injury
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“47 48 L -Arginine fi O 2 / NADPH / NOS fi L -citriline + c NO (5) Inflammatory cytokines and oxidant stress can each augment iNOS expression and activity in pulmonary alveolar epithelial cells.”
BackgroundInfluentialExtracellular superoxide dismutase and cardiovascular disease
Fukai, T. (2002) · Cardiovascular Research · doi:10.1016/s0008-6363(02)00328-0 · Cited by 345 · see citing works
Superoxide Anion Chemistry—Its Role at the Core of the Innate Immunity
Andrés, C. M. C., Pérez de la Lastra, J. M., Andrés Juan, C., Plou, F. J., & Pérez-Lebeña, E. (2023) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms24031841 · Cited by 342 · see citing works
Obesity and Body Fat Distribution Induce Endothelial Dysfunction by Oxidative Stress
Perticone, F., Ceravolo, R., Candigliota, M., Ventura, G., Iacopino, S., Sinopoli, F., & Mattioli, P. L. (2001) · Diabetes · doi:10.2337/diabetes.50.1.159 · Cited by 336 · see citing works
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Melatonin and mitochondrial function
León, J., Acuña-Castroviejo, D., Sainz, R. M., Mayo, J. C., Tan, D., & Reiter, R. J. (2004) · Life Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.lfs.2004.03.003 · Cited by 331 · see citing works
The role of oxidative stress in non-alcoholic steatohepatitis
Koek, G. H., Liedorp, P. R., & Bast, A. (2011) · Clinica Chimica Acta · doi:10.1016/j.cca.2011.04.013 · Cited by 315 · see citing works
The mechanism of cone cell death in Retinitis Pigmentosa
Campochiaro, P. A., & Mir, T. A. (2017) · Progress in Retinal and Eye Research · doi:10.1016/j.preteyeres.2017.08.004 · Cited by 310 · see citing works
Melatonin: Lowering the High Price of Free Radicals
Reiter, R. J. (2000) · Physiology · doi:10.1152/physiologyonline.2000.15.5.246 · Cited by 305 · see citing works
van der Vliet, A., Eiserich, J. P., Shigenaga, M. K., & Cross, C. E. (1999) · American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine · doi:10.1164/ajrccm.160.1.9807044 · Cited by 300 · see citing works
Coppey, L. J., Gellett, J. S., Davidson, E. P., Dunlap, J. A., Lund, D. D., & Yorek, M. A. (2001) · Diabetes · doi:10.2337/diabetes.50.8.1927 · Cited by 300 · see citing works
“Peroxynitrite is a highly reactive intermediate known to nitrate protein tyrosine residues and cause cellular oxidative damage (39,40).”
BackgroundInhaled nitric oxide for acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) in children and adults
Gebistorf, F., Karam, O., Wetterslev, J., & Afshari, A. (2016) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd002787.pub3 · Cited by 298 · see citing works
Physiological and Pathophysiological Roles of Nitric Oxide in the Central Nervous System
Szabó, C. (1996) · Brain Research Bulletin · doi:10.1016/0361-9230(96)00159-1 · Cited by 295 · see citing works
Environmentally Persistent Free Radicals: Insights on a New Class of Pollutants
Vejerano, E. P., Rao, G., Khachatryan, L., Cormier, S. A., & Lomnicki, S. M. (2018) · Environmental Science & Technology · doi:10.1021/acs.est.7b04439 · Cited by 293 · see citing works
Insight into oxidative stress in varicocele-associated male infertility: part 1
Agarwal, A. K., Hamada, A., & Esteves, S. C. (2012) · Nature Reviews Urology · doi:10.1038/nrurol.2012.197 · Cited by 294 · see citing works
ROS and RNS signalling: adaptive redox switches through oxidative/nitrosative protein modifications
Moldogazieva, N. T., Mokhosoev, I. M., Feldman, N. B., & Lutsenko, S. V. (2018) · Free Radical Research · doi:10.1080/10715762.2018.1457217 · Cited by 291 · see citing works
“1 s at physiological conditions because of reactions with target molecules and proton-catalyzed isomerization to nitrate [158].”
BackgroundRole of oxidative stress and nitric oxide in atherothrombosis
Lubos, E. (2008) · Frontiers in bioscience · doi:10.2741/3084 · Cited by 290 · see citing works
The Oxidant/Antioxidant Network: Role of Melatonin
Reiter, R., Tan, D., Cabrera, J., D’Arpa, D., Sainz, R. M., Mayo, J. C., & Ramos, S. (1999) · Neurosignals · doi:10.1159/000014569 · Cited by 283 · see citing works
Fink, M. P., & Delude, R. L. (2005) · Critical Care Clinics · doi:10.1016/j.ccc.2005.01.005 · Cited by 280 · see citing works
An overview of mechanisms of redox signaling
Forman, H. J., Ursini, F., & Maiorino, M. (2014) · Journal of Molecular and Cellular Cardiology · doi:10.1016/j.yjmcc.2014.01.018 · Cited by 306 · see citing works
“Peroxynitrite rapidly rearranges to nitrate (NO3) [23], which is a weak base and mild oxidant.”
BackgroundInfluentialAntioxidants: The Basics-what they are and how to Evaluate them
Halliwell, B. B. (1996) · Advances in pharmacology · doi:10.1016/s1054-3589(08)60976-x · Cited by 270 · see citing works
Nitrite and Nitrate Analyses: A Clinical Biochemistry Perspective
Ellis, G., Adatia, I., Yazdanpanah, M., & Makela, S. K. (1998) · Clinical Biochemistry · doi:10.1016/s0009-9120(98)00015-0 · Cited by 263 · see citing works
Lefer, D. J., Scalia, R. G., Campbell, B., Nossuli, T. O., Hayward, R., Salamon, M., Grayson, J., & Lefer, A. M. (1997) · Journal of Clinical Investigation · doi:10.1172/jci119212 · Cited by 263 · see citing works
“The metabolism of nitric oxide is complex, and NO has been shown to interact with a number of oxygen-derived free radicals including superoxide to form ONOO(2), which can then be protonated to form peroxynitrous acid, a relatively stable oxidant species (18, 19).”
BackgroundPathways of peroxynitrite oxidation of thiol groups
Quijano, C., Álvarez, B., Gatti, R. M., Augusto, O., & Radí, R. (1997) · Biochemical Journal · doi:10.1042/bj3220167 · Cited by 262 · see citing works
Polyamines reduces lipid peroxidation induced by different pro-oxidant agents
Bellé, N. A. V., Dalmolin, G. D., Fonini, G., Rubin, M. A., & da Rocha, J. B. T. (2004) · Brain Research · doi:10.1016/j.brainres.2004.02.036 · Cited by 262 · see citing works
Nitric oxide and inflammatory mediators in the perpetuation of osteoarthritis
Abramson, S. B., Attur, M., Amin, A. R., & Clancy, R. (2001) · Current Rheumatology Reports · doi:10.1007/s11926-001-0069-3 · Cited by 261 · see citing works
Nitric Oxide and Nitrotyrosine in the Lungs of Patients with Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome
Sittipunt, C., Steinberg, K. P., RUZINSKI, J. T., Myles, C., Zhu, S., Goodman, R. B., Hudson, L. D., Matalon, S., & MARTIN, T. R. (2001) · American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine · doi:10.1164/ajrccm.163.2.2004187 · Cited by 261 · see citing works
Peroxynitrite-Dependent Tryptophan Nitration
Álvarez, B., Rubbo, H., KIRK, M. C., Barnes, S., Freeman, B. Α., & Radí, R. (1996) · Chemical Research in Toxicology · doi:10.1021/tx950133b · Cited by 259 · see citing works
Peroxynitrite decomposition catalysts: Therapeutics for peroxynitrite-mediated pathology
Salvemini, D., Wang, Z.-Q., Stern, M. K., Currie, M. G., & Misko, T. P. (1998) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.95.5.2659 · Cited by 259 · see citing works
Szabó, C. (1996) · Free Radical Biology and Medicine · doi:10.1016/0891-5849(96)00170-0 · Cited by 252 · see citing works
Nitric Oxide and Reactive Oxygen Species in the Pathogenesis of Preeclampsia
Matsubara, K., Higaki, T., Matsubara, Y., & Nawa, A. (2015) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms16034600 · Cited by 249 · see citing works
“SOD can react with NO and ROS as an antioxidant; however, as a result, it generates strong ONOO− because NO can react with superoxide three times faster than with SOD [84].”
BackgroundInfluentialSzabó, C., Zingarelli, B., & Salzman, A. L. (1996) · Circulation Research · doi:10.1161/01.res.78.6.1051 · Cited by 247 · see citing works
Aging: An important factor for the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative diseases
Farooqui, T., & Farooqui, A. A. (2008) · Mechanisms of Ageing and Development · doi:10.1016/j.mad.2008.11.006 · Cited by 244 · see citing works
“In addition, ONOO reduces mitochondrial respiration, inhibits membrane pumps, depletes cellular glutathione, and damages DNA, thus activating poly-(ADP-ribose) synthase, an enzyme that leads to cellular energy depletion (Pryor and Squadrito, 1995) (Fig.”
Background
- Authors
- Pryor, W. A., & Squadrito, G. L.
- Affiliations
- Louisiana State University (US)
- Venue
- American Journal of Physiology-Lung Cellular and Molecular Physiology
- Publisher
- American Physiological Society
- Published
- 1995-05-01
- Volume
- 268
- Issue
- 5
- Pages
- L699-L722
- ISSN
- 1040-0605 (ISSN-L)
- 1522-1504
- OpenAlex
- W2209831038
- Cited by
- 1,511
- References
- 94
- Citations by year
- 2026: 11 · 2025: 13 · 2024: 19 · 2023: 21 · 2022: 21 · 2021: 19 · 2020: 24 · 2019: 28 · 2018: 29 · 2017: 30 · 2016: 30 · 2015: 35 · 2014: 42 · 2013: 55 · 2012: 47
- FWCI
- 52.08
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- American Journal of Physiology-Lung Cellular and Molecular Physiology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology › Nitric Oxide and Endothelin Effects
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Redox biology and oxidative stress
- Physical Sciences › Chemistry › Organic Chemistry › Free Radicals and Antioxidants
- Keywords
- peroxynitrite, nitric oxide, superoxide, peroxynitrous acid, nitrate formation, superoxide dismutase, nitric oxide scavenging, single electron transfer, two-electron oxidation, peroxynitrite decomposition, hydroxyl radical scavengers, nitric oxide synthase, nitric oxide signaling
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Humans, Hydrogen-Ion Concentration, Hydroxylation, Methionine, Nitrates, Nitric Oxide, Nitroso Compounds, Oxidation-Reduction, Sulfhydryl Compounds, Superoxides, Viscosity
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