Effects of metformin in adolescents with polycystic ovary syndrome undertaking lifestyle therapy: a pilot randomized double-blind study
Open accessAbstract
Our small study does not support the addition of metformin to the lifestyle of adolescents. Although there are favorable trends toward hyperandrogenism with metformin, these must be balanced against the increased rate of gastrointestinal side effects. However, other treatments were associated with an improved quality of life.
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
Metformin may be considered when hyperinsulinemia is a dominant feature but is not a weight-loss medication per se.
“It may be considered when hyperinsulinemia is a dominant feature but is not a weight-loss medication per se [116].”
From Precision obesity medicine: A phenotype-guided framework for pharmacologic therapy across the lifespan (2025) · cites this paper as [116]
The paper reports no change in weight or waist circumference after 24 weeks and concludes that its study does not support adding metformin to lifestyle therapy in adolescents with PCOS (both passages labeled Abstract; page not supplied). This supports caution about treating metformin as a weight-loss medication in this setting, but the paper does not say it should be considered when hyperinsulinemia is a dominant feature. (LLM, conf=0.83)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredMetformin is used off-label in adolescents with insulin resistance or PCOS, with modest weight effects.
“Metformin is used off-label in adolescents with insulin resistance or PCOS, with modest weight effects.”
From Precision obesity medicine: A phenotype-guided framework for pharmacologic therapy across the lifespan (2025) · cites this paper as [116]
The study reports giving metformin to adolescents with PCOS and finding no significant change in weight; the discussion describes minimal weight gain in its participants. Our copy does not establish that this use was off-label or that the study treated adolescents for insulin resistance. The weight finding supports a limited effect in this small PCOS trial, not a general claim about adolescents. (LLM, conf=0.84)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredA meta-analysis of metformin use with and without lifestyle changes in PCOS (including two RCTs in adolescents) showed beneficial effects on BMI and menstrual cycles.
“A meta-analysis of metformin use with and without lifestyle changes in PCOS (including two RCTs in adolescents [164, 178]) showed beneficial effects on BMI and menstrual cycles [164, 178, 179].”
From Polycystic Ovary Syndrome: Pathophysiology, Presentation, and Treatment With Emphasis on Adolescent Girls (2019) · cites this paper as [178]
Another RCT by Ladson et al. on 22 adolescents found no significant differences in BMI between metformin plus lifestyle and placebo plus lifestyle.
“Another RCT by Ladson et al. 36 on 22 adolescents, comparing BMI changes among participants with metformin and lifestyle to those with placebo and lifestyle found no significant differences in BMI (Table SC).”
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Cites
Reduction in the incidence of type 2 diabetes with lifestyle intervention or metformin
(2002) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmoa012512 · Cited by 19,011 · see citing works
Matsuda, M., & DeFronzo, R. A. (1999) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/diacare.22.9.1462 · Cited by 5,621 · see citing works
A Critical Evaluation of Simple Methods for the Estimation of Free Testosterone in Serum
Vermeulen, A., Verdonck, L., & Kaufman, J. M. (1999) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jcem.84.10.6079 · Cited by 3,824 · see citing works
Legro, R. S. (1999) · Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jc.84.1.165 · Cited by 1,743 · see citing works
Self-citationImpact of Overweight on the Risk of Developing Common Chronic Diseases During a 10-Year Period
Field, A. E., Coakley, E. H., Must, A., Spadano, J. L., Laird, N., Dietz, W. H., Rimm, E., & Colditz, G. A. (2001) · Archives of Internal Medicine · doi:10.1001/archinte.161.13.1581 · Cited by 1,694 · see citing works
Ultrasound assessment of the polycystic ovary: international consensus definitions
Balen, A. H., Laven, J. S. E., Tan, S.-L., & Dewailly, D. (2003) · Human Reproduction Update · doi:10.1093/humupd/dmg044 · Cited by 1,015 · see citing works
Hirsutism: Implications, etiology, and management
Hatch, R., Rosenfield, R. L., Kim, M. H., & Tredway, D. R. (1981) · American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology · doi:10.1016/0002-9378(81)90746-8 · Cited by 1,013 · see citing works
Consensus on infertility treatment related to polycystic ovary syndrome
The Thessaloniki ESHRE/ASRM-Sponsored PCOS Consensus Workshop Group March 2–3, 2. (2008) · Fertility and Sterility · doi:10.1016/j.fertnstert.2007.09.041 · Cited by 719 · see citing works
Carey, D., Jenkins, A. B., Campbell, L. V., Freund, J., & Chisholm, D. J. (1996) · Diabetes · doi:10.2337/diab.45.5.633 · Cited by 659 · see citing works
Phillips, D. I. W., Clark, P. M., Hales, C. N., & Osmond, C. (1994) · Diabetic Medicine · doi:10.1111/j.1464-5491.1994.tb00273.x · Cited by 631 · see citing works
Moran, L. J., Pasquali, R., Teede, H. J., Hoeger, K. M., & Norman, R. J. (2009) · Fertility and Sterility · doi:10.1016/j.fertnstert.2008.09.018 · Cited by 444 · see citing works
Effect of Metformin in Pediatric Patients With Type 2 Diabetes
Jones, K. L., Arslanian, S., Peterokova, V. A., Park, J.-S., & Tomlinson, M. J. (2002) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/diacare.25.1.89 · Cited by 392 · see citing works
Cronin, L., Guyatt, G. H., Griffith, L. E., Wong, E. Y. L., Azziz, R., Futterweit, W., Cook, D., & Dunaif, A. E. (1998) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jcem.83.6.4990 · Cited by 348 · see citing works
Hoeger, K. M., Kochman, L., Wixom, N., Craig, K., Miller, R. K., & Guzick, D. S. (2004) · Fertility and Sterility · doi:10.1016/j.fertnstert.2004.02.104 · Cited by 278 · see citing works
Chang, R. J., Heindel, J. J., & Dunaif, A. E. (2002) · CRC Press eBooks · doi:10.3109/9780203910948 · Cited by 263 · see citing works
Hoeger, K., Davidson, K., Kochman, L., Cherry, T., Kopin, L., & Guzick, D. S. (2008) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jc.2008-0461 · Cited by 256 · see citing works
Nandi, A. A., Chen, Z., Patel, R., & Poretsky, L. (2014) · Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinics of North America · doi:10.1016/j.ecl.2013.10.003 · Cited by 189 · see citing works
Ladson, G., Dodson, W. C., Sweet, S. D., Archibong, A. E., Kunselman, A. R., Demers, L. M., Williams, N. I., Coney, P., & Legro, R. S. (2011) · Fertility and Sterility · doi:10.1016/j.fertnstert.2010.12.002 · Cited by 138 · see citing works
Self-citationIbáñez, L., Valls, C., Ong, K. K., Dunger, D. B., & de Zegher, F. (2006) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jc.2005-2329 · Cited by 130 · see citing works
Legro, R. S., Chiu, P., Kunselman, A. R., Bentley, C. M., Dodson, W. C., & Dunaif, A. E. (2005) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jc.2004-0219 · Cited by 125 · see citing works
Self-citationIbáñez, L., Valls, C., Marcos, M. V., Ong, K. K., Dunger, D. B., & de Zegher, F. (2004) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jc.2004-0463 · Cited by 123 · see citing works
Nieuwenhuis-Ruifrok, A. E., Kuchenbecker, W. K. H., Hoek, A., Middleton, P., & Norman, R. J. (2008) · Human Reproduction Update · doi:10.1093/humupd/dmn043 · Cited by 110 · cited 1× · see citing works
“In addition, the addition of metformin has been associated with increased weight loss when combined with lifestyle interventions (6).”
BackgroundThiboutot, D., Zaenglein, A., Weiss, J., Webster, G., Calvarese, B., & Chen, D. (2008) · Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology · doi:10.1016/j.jaad.2008.06.040 · Cited by 99 · see citing works
Harris-Glocker, M., Davidson, K., Kochman, L., Guzick, D., & Hoeger, K. (2010) · Fertility and Sterility · doi:10.1016/j.fertnstert.2009.08.006 · Cited by 66 · see citing works
Katcher, H. I., Kunselman, A. R., Dmitrović, R., Demers, L. M., Gnatuk, C. L., Kris‐Etherton, P. M., & Legro, R. S. (2008) · Fertility and Sterility · doi:10.1016/j.fertnstert.2008.01.035 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Self-citation
Flagged first, then by citations
2 of the 27 references couldn’t be matched to a known paper.
Cited by
Sorted by citations
The Diagnosis of Polycystic Ovary Syndrome during Adolescence
Witchel, S. F., Oberfield, S., Rosenfield, R. L., Codner, E., Bonny, A., Ibáñez, L., Pena, A., Horikawa, R., Gomez-Lobo, V., Joel, D., et al. (2015) · Hormone Research in Paediatrics · doi:10.1159/000375530 · Cited by 3,113 · see citing works
Self-citationLegro, R. S., Arslanian, S. A., Ehrmann, D. A., Hoeger, K. M., Murad, M. H., Pasquali, R., & Welt, C. K. (2013) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jc.2013-2350 · Cited by 1,919 · see citing works
Self-citationWitchel, S. F., Oberfield, S. E., & Peña, A. S. (2019) · Journal of the Endocrine Society · doi:10.1210/js.2019-00078 · Cited by 653 · see citing works
Ibáñez, L., Oberfield, S. E., Witchel, S., Auchus, R. J., Chang, R. J., Codner, E., Dabadghao, P., Darendeliler, F., Elbarbary, N. S., Gambineri, A., et al. (2017) · Hormone Research in Paediatrics · doi:10.1159/000479371 · Cited by 463 · see citing works
Self-citationDrug repurposing for cancer therapy
Xia, Y., Sun, M., Huang, H., & Jin, W.-L. (2024) · Signal Transduction and Targeted Therapy · doi:10.1038/s41392-024-01808-1 · Cited by 443 · see citing works
Naderpoor, N., Shorakae, S., de Courten, B., Misso, M. L., Moran, L. J., & Teede, H. J. (2015) · Human Reproduction Update · doi:10.1093/humupd/dmv025 · Cited by 334 · see citing works
Naderpoor, N., Shorakae, S., de Courten, B. V., Misso, M. L., Moran, L., & Teede, H. J. (2016) · Human Reproduction Update · doi:10.1093/humupd/dmv063 · Cited by 256 · see citing works
Depression and Anxiety in Polycystic Ovary Syndrome: Etiology and Treatment
Cooney, L. G., & Dokras, A. (2017) · Current Psychiatry Reports · doi:10.1007/s11920-017-0834-2 · Cited by 173 · see citing works
Kite, C., Lahart, I. M., Afzal, I., Broom, D. R., Randeva, H., Kyrou, I., & Brown, J. E. (2019) · Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1186/s13643-019-0962-3 · Cited by 155 · see citing works
Measures of health-related quality of life in PCOS women: a systematic review
Behboodi Moghadam, Z., Fereidooni, B., Saffari, M., & Montazeri, A. (2018) · International Journal of Women's Health · doi:10.2147/ijwh.s165794 · Cited by 129 · see citing works
Haqq, L., McFarlane, J., Dieberg, G., & Smart, N. (2014) · Endocrine Connections · doi:10.1530/ec-14-0010 · Cited by 101 · see citing works
Fraison, E., Kostova, E., Moran, L. J., Bilal, S., Ee, C. C., Venetis, C., & Costello, M. F. (2020) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd005552.pub3 · Cited by 94 · see citing works
Wang, F., Wu, Y. T., Zhu, Y. ‐., Ding, T., Batterham, R. L., Qu, F., & Hardiman, P. J. (2018) · Obesity Reviews · doi:10.1111/obr.12720 · Cited by 92 · see citing works
Abdolahian, S., Tehrani, F. R., Amiri, M., Ghodsi, D., Yarandi, R. B., Jafari, M., Majd, H. A., & Nahidi, F. (2020) · BMC Endocrine Disorders · doi:10.1186/s12902-020-00552-1 · Cited by 84 · see citing works
Kim, C. H., Chon, S. J., & Lee, S. H. (2020) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-020-64776-w · Cited by 76 · see citing works
Melin, J., Forslund, M., Alesi, S., Piltonen, T., Romualdi, D., Spritzer, P. M., Tay, C. T., Pena, A., Witchel, S. F., Mousa, A., et al. (2023) · European Journal of Endocrinology · doi:10.1093/ejendo/lvad098 · Cited by 72 · see citing works
Mental Health and Physical Activity in Women with Polycystic Ovary Syndrome: A Brief Review
Conte, F., Banting, L., Teede, H. J., & Stepto, N. K. (2014) · Sports Medicine · doi:10.1007/s40279-014-0291-6 · Cited by 65 · see citing works
Exercise and Polycystic Ovary Syndrome
Woodward, A., Klonizakis, M., & Broom, D. R. (2020) · Advances in experimental medicine and biology · doi:10.1007/978-981-15-1792-1_8 · Cited by 64 · see citing works
Saadati, S., Mason, T., Godini, R., Vanky, E., Teede, H., & Mousa, A. (2025) · Diabetes, obesity and metabolism · doi:10.1111/dom.16422 · Cited by 74 · see citing works
Current perspectives of insulin resistance and polycystic ovary syndrome
Pauli, J. M., Raja-Khan, N. T., Wu, X., & Legro, R. S. (2011) · Diabetic Medicine · doi:10.1111/j.1464-5491.2011.03460.x · Cited by 55 · see citing works
Self-citationTiwari, N., Pasrija, S., & Jain, S. (2019) · European Journal of Obstetrics & Gynecology and Reproductive Biology · doi:10.1016/j.ejogrb.2018.12.021 · Cited by 50 · see citing works
Arya, S., Hansen, K. R., Peck, J. D., & Wild, R. A. (2021) · American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology · doi:10.1016/j.ajog.2021.03.048 · Cited by 50 · see citing works
Contemporary approaches to the management of polycystic ovary syndrome
Pasquali, R. (2018) · Therapeutic Advances in Endocrinology and Metabolism · doi:10.1177/2042018818756790 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
Porchia, L. M., Hernandez-Garcia, S. C., Gonzalez-Mejia, M. E., & López-Bayghen, E. (2020) · European Journal of Obstetrics & Gynecology and Reproductive Biology · doi:10.1016/j.ejogrb.2020.03.010 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
Metformin for the Treatment of Hyperandrogenism in Adolescents with Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus
Ethel Codner, D., Íñiguez, G., López, P. V., Mujica, V., Eyzaguirre, F. C., Sylvia Asenjo, M., Torrealba, I. M., & CASSORLA, F. G. (2013) · Hormone Research in Paediatrics · doi:10.1159/000355513 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
Polycystic ovary syndrome in adolescents
Dabadghao, P. (2019) · Best Practice & Research Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1016/j.beem.2019.04.006 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
Nidhi, R., Padmalatha, V., Nagarathna, R., & Ram, A. (2012) · Applied Research in Quality of Life · doi:10.1007/s11482-012-9191-9 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Yen, H., Chang, Y.-T., Yee, F.-J., & Huang, Y. (2020) · American Journal of Clinical Dermatology · doi:10.1007/s40257-020-00565-5 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Non-Hormonal Treatment Options for Regulation of Menstrual Cycle in Adolescents with PCOS
Reiser, E., Lanbach, J., Böttcher, B., & Tóth, B. (2022) · Journal of Clinical Medicine · doi:10.3390/jcm12010067 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Optimal management of polycystic ovary syndrome in adolescence
Baldauff, N. H., & Arslanian, S. A. (2015) · Archives of Disease in Childhood · doi:10.1136/archdischild-2014-306471 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Tuccinardi, D., Masi, D., Watanabe, M., Zanghi Buffi, V., De Domenico, F., Berti, S., Cipriani, V., Manco, M., Manfrini, S., & Pagotto, U. (2025) · Journal of Endocrinological Investigation · doi:10.1007/s40618-025-02700-7 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Calcaterra, V., Cena, H., Sottotetti, F., Hruby, C., Madini, N., Zelaschi, N., & Zuccotti, G. (2023) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu15163582 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
“Despite favorable clinical effects both on hyperandrogenism features and menstrual cycle regularity, metformin showed no superiority when compared to lifestyle intervention alone or combined oral contraceptives [38,39].”
BackgroundManagement of obesity in adolescents with polycystic ovary syndrome
Vatopoulou, A., & Τζιόμαλος, Κ. (2020) · Expert Opinion on Pharmacotherapy · doi:10.1080/14656566.2019.1701655 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Mani, H., Potdar, N., & Gleeson, H. K. (2014) · Clinical Endocrinology · doi:10.1111/cen.12501 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Kamińska-Skrzyńska, W., Wiśniewska, K., Okręglicka, K., Pazura, I., & Nitsch-Osuch, A. S. (2023) · Annals of Agricultural and Environmental Medicine · doi:10.26444/aaem/159156 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Nahidi, F., Tehrani, F. R., Ghodsi, D., Jafari, M., Majd, H. A., & Abdolahian, S. (2024) · BMC Women s Health · doi:10.1186/s12905-024-03455-8 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Analyzing the Challenges, Consequences, and Possible Treatments for Polycystic Ovary Syndrome
Zaib, S., Rana, N., Khan, I. A., Waris, A., & Ahmad, U. (2023) · Mini-Reviews in Medicinal Chemistry · doi:10.2174/1389557523666230608124651 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Garcia-Hernandez, S. C., Porchia, L. M., Pacheco-Soto, B. T., López‐Bayghen, E., & González-Mejía, M. E. (2021) · Gynecological Endocrinology · doi:10.1080/09513590.2021.1913114 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Sibal, R., Keogh, M., Latthe, P. M., & Idkowiak, J. (2026) · Journal of Pediatric and Adolescent Gynecology · doi:10.1016/j.jpag.2026.01.001 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Effects of Metformin and Exercise in Polycystic Ovary Syndrome: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
Song, Y. M., Wang, H., Zhu, Z., & Huang, H. (2021) · Hormone and Metabolic Research · doi:10.1055/a-1666-8979 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Wan, K., Dai, Z.-H., Lei, E. F.-C., Wong, P.-S., Wang, Y.-Y., Yu, A. P., Lin, F., Huang, Y., Duncan, W. C., Chan, K. Y., et al. (2026) · The Lancet Obstetrics Gynaecology & Women s Health · doi:10.1016/s3050-5038(25)00219-5 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Metformin for adolescents with polycystic ovary syndrome
Liu, Y., Hou, L., Li, Y., Liu, M., Xu, F., & Wang, Y. (2015) · Chin J Reprod Contracep · doi:10.7669/j.issn.1001-7844.2015.02.0103 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Legro, R. S., Arslanian, S. A., Ehrmann, D. A., Hoeger, K. M., Murad, M. H., Pasquali, R., & Welt, C. K. (2014) · The Scientific Issues of Ternopil Volodymyr Hnatiuk National Pedagogical University Series pedagogy · doi:10.18370/2309-4117.2014.20.22-35 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Self-citationNahidi, F., Tehrani, F. R., Ghodsi, D., Jafari, M., Majd, H. A., & Abdolahian, S. (2021) · Journal of Education and Health Promotion · doi:10.4103/jehp.jehp_15_21 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Kelley, C. E., Brown, A. J., & Setji, T. L. (2014) · Expert Review of Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1586/17446651.2014.941814 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Current Medical Research Summer–Fall 2011
Fehring, R. J. (2012) · The Linacre Quarterly · doi:10.1179/002436312803571537 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Gordon, B., Agresta, E., Isoldi, K. K., & Vargas-Rodriguez, I. (2019) · Topics in Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1097/tin.0000000000000196 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Effect of Metformin on Reproduction-A Mini Review
Germeyer, A., & Capp, E. (2014)
Germeyer, R., & Capp, E. (2014)
Reply: Metformin for women with hyperandrogenic anovulation
Naderpoor, N., Shorakae, S., de Courten, B. V., Misso, M. L., Moran, L., & Teede, H. J. (2016) · Human Reproduction Update · doi:10.1093/humupd/dmv065
The Diagnosis of Polycystic Ovary Syndrome during Adolescence
Marina, P., & Beirut, L. (2016)
Physical activity and cardiovascular disease risk in women with polycystic ovary syndrome
Woodward, A. (2021) · Sheffield Hallam University · doi:10.7190/shu-thesis-00398
Polycystic Ovary Syndrome: An Update on Management Strategies
Aftab, M., Inzamam, M., & Latif, S. (2022) · Pakistan Journal of Medical and Health Sciences · doi:10.53350/pjmhs22164654
Manejo da Síndrome do Ovário Policístico (SOP) em Adolescentes
Bessa, P. R., Carvalho, E. T. G. B., Filho, O. V. F., Silva, P. H. C. V., & Peres, M. C. T. D. S. (2022) · Research Society and Development · doi:10.33448/rsd-v11i15.37118
Zaid, M. A., Bedair, N. I., Nagaty, A., Allah, T. N. A., GadAllah, N., Hossam, D., El-Naby, H. H., Enany, G. E., Ragab, M., Hegazy, M. S., et al. (2025) · Egyptian Journal of Dermatology and Venerology · doi:10.4103/ejdv.ejdv_41_24
Cyproterone acetate for hirsutism
Matjila, M. J., Roux, P. A. L., & van der Spuy, Z. M. (2025) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd001125.pub2
- Authors
- Ladson, G., Dodson, W. C., Sweet, S. D., Archibong, A. E., Kunselman, A. R., Demers, L. M., Lee, P. A., Williams, N. I., Coney, P., & Legro, R. S.
- Affiliations
- Meharry Medical College (US)
- Pennsylvania State University (US)
- Virginia Commonwealth University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Legro, Richard S.
- Venue
- Fertility and Sterility
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2011-06
- Volume
- 95
- Issue
- 8
- Pages
- 2595-2598.e6
- ISSN
- 0015-0282 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC3783023
- OpenAlex
- W2074835877
- Cited by
- 56
- References
- 27
- Citations by year
- 2026: 2 · 2025: 4 · 2024: 2 · 2023: 4 · 2022: 3 · 2021: 5 · 2020: 7 · 2019: 5 · 2018: 3 · 2017: 2 · 2016: 3 · 2015: 4 · 2014: 7 · 2013: 2 · 2012: 2
- FWCI
- 4.29
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Licence
- www.elsevier.com/tdm/userlicense/1.0/ (tdm)
- www.elsevier.com/legal/tdmrep-license (tdm)
- www.elsevier.com/open-access/userlicense/1.0/ (vor, 4013 d)
- doi.org/10.15223/policy-017 (stm-asf)
- doi.org/10.15223/policy-037 (stm-asf)
- doi.org/10.15223/policy-012 (stm-asf)
- doi.org/10.15223/policy-029 (stm-asf)
- doi.org/10.15223/policy-004 (stm-asf)
- Locations
- Fertility and Sterility (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- Pennsylvania State University
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Reproductive Medicine › Ovarian function and disorders
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Genetics › Genetic and Kidney Cyst Diseases
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Reproductive Medicine › Endometriosis Research and Treatment
- Keywords
- metformin, polycystic ovary syndrome, adolescents, lifestyle therapy, hyperandrogenism, gastrointestinal adverse effects, quality of life, insulin sensitizers
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Combined Modality Therapy, Double-Blind Method, Exercise Therapy, Female, Humans, Metformin, Pilot Projects, Polycystic Ovary Syndrome, Quality of Life, Regression Analysis, Risk Factors, Testosterone, Time Factors, United States, Biomarkers, Treatment Outcome, Risk Assessment, Caloric Restriction, Risk Reduction Behavior
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
