Caseinolytic and milk-clotting activities from Moringa oleifera flowers
Open accessAbstract
This work reports the detection and characterization of caseinolytic and milk-clotting activities from Moringa oleifera flowers. Proteins extracted from flowers were precipitated with 60% ammonium sulphate. Caseinolytic activity of the precipitated protein fraction (PP) was assessed using azocasein, as well as α(s)-, β- and κ-caseins as substrates. Milk-clotting activity was analysed using skim milk. The effects of heating (30-100°C) and pH (3.0-11.0) on enzyme activities were determined. Highest caseinolytic activity on azocasein was detected after previous incubation of PP at pH 4.0 and after heating at 50°C. Milk-clotting activity, detected only in the presence of CaCl(2), was highest at incubation of PP at pH 3.0 and remained stable up to 50°C. The pre-treatment of milk at 70°C resulted in highest clotting activity. Enzyme assays in presence of protease inhibitors indicated the presence of aspartic, cysteine, serine and metallo proteases. Aspartic proteases appear to be the main enzymes involved in milk-clotting activity. PP promoted extensive cleavage of κ-casein and low level of α(s)- and β-caseins hydrolysis. The milk-clotting activity indicates the application of M. oleifera flowers in dairy industry.
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Vivian, C. J., Hagedorn, T. M., Jensen, R. A., Brinker, A. E., & Welch, D. R. (2018) · Cancer and Metastasis Reviews · doi:10.1007/s10555-018-9773-6 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
“CF male mice also exhibited enlarged seminal vesicles in older mice [61].”
Zhao, Q., Zhao, C., Shi, Y., Wei, G., Yang, K., Wang, X., & Huang, A. (2021) · Food Research International · doi:10.1016/j.foodres.2021.110340 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Initial growth response of Moringa oleifera seedlings to different soil amendments
William, J. A., Ochire-Boadu, K., & Baatuuwie, N. B. (2012) · African Journal of Agricultural Research · doi:10.5897/ajar11.2306 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
“Moringa has a great potential to become one of the most economically important crops for the tropics and subtropics considering its use in many fields as a medicine (Peixoto et al., 2011), food (Pontual et al., 2012) and fodder plant.”
BackgroundFernandes, P. C. D. B., & Carvalho, F. (2016) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-802392-1.00008-3 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Production of highly active fungal milk-clotting enzyme by solid-state fermentation
Chinmayee, C. V., Vidya, C., Rani, A., & Singh, S. A. (2019) · Preparative Biochemistry & Biotechnology · doi:10.1080/10826068.2019.1630647 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
“Any pH greater than 8 has been found to affect casein structure and, in turn, affects the clotting time.([28,29]) This could be erroneously interpreted as effect of pH on enzyme activity.”
BackgroundWang, X., Zhao, Q., Li, H., Shi, Y., Fan, J., Chen, Y., & Huang, A. (2022) · Journal of Dairy Science · doi:10.3168/jds.2021-21415 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Leulmi, I., Zidoune, M. N., Hafid, K., Djeghim, F., Bourekoua, H., Dziki, D., & Różyło, R. (2023) · Foods · doi:10.3390/foods12132467 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
“Other clotting plant enzymes yielded similar results [20,44].”
ResultZhao, X., Wang, J., Zheng, Z., Zhao, A., & Yang, Z. (2015) · Journal of Food Biochemistry · doi:10.1111/jfbc.12108 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Milk clotting enzymes from marine resources and their role in cheese-making: A mini review
Arbita, A. A., & Zhao, J. J. (2023) · Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition · doi:10.1080/10408398.2023.2220030 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
“Caseinolytic and milk-clotting activities (CA and MCA) measure the ability of a protease to hydrolyze casein and clot milk respectively and, thus, are closely linked to its potential for application in cheese making (Jacob, Jaros, and Rohm 2011; Pontual et al. 2012).”
Clotting Activities of Partially Purified Extracts of Moringa oleifera L. on Dromedary Camel Milk
Terefe, M. A., Kebede, A., & Kebede, M. (2018) · National Academic Digital Repository of Ethiopia · doi:10.20372/eajs.v11i2.407 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
INFLUENCE OF DREGEA SINENSIS HEMSL. PROTEASE ON THE QUALITY OF MOZZARELLA CHEESE FROM BUFFALO MILK
Wang, H., Wang, Y., & Huang, A. (2017) · Emirates Journal of Food and Agriculture · doi:10.9755/ejfa.2016-09-1227 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
“M. oleifera flowers contain caseinolytic and milk-clotting activities, which is a new source of plane proteases with potential use for cheese production, since it promotes extensive hydrolysis of κ-casein and low degradation of αs- and β-caseins (Pontual et al., 2012).”
BackgroundAni, E., Igbabul, B. D., Ikya, J. K., & Amove, J. (2019) · Research Journal of Food and Nutrition · doi:10.22259/2637-5583.0304004 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Hegazi, M. A. (2015) · Journal of Agricultural Science · doi:10.5539/jas.v7n3p138 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
“…tree is particularly renowned for its great versatility, as its uses include being a food source for humans and animals alike, coagulant for water purification, remedy for numerous ailments as well as a source for biofuel production (Anwar et al., 2007; Peixoto et al., 2011; Pontual et al., 2012).”
Backgroundda Silva, J. G., de Barros, M., Santos, N. D. D. L., Paiva, P. M. G., Napoleão, T. H., de Sena, M. J., da Costa, M. M., de Oliveira, H. P., Moreira, M. A. S., & Mota, R. A. (2020) · Journal of Dairy Research · doi:10.1017/s0022029920000874 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Self-citationOptimization of Crude Papaya (Carica papaya) Protease in Soft-Unripened Cheese Preparation
Maskey, B., & Shrestha, N. K. (2020) · Journal of Food Science and Technology Nepal · doi:10.3126/jfstn.v12i12.30139 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Ferreira, A. N., da Silva, A. T., Nascimento, J., de Souza, C. B., Silva, M. D. C., Grillo, L. A. M., da Luz, J. M. R., & Pereira, H. J. V. (2023) · Biocatalysis and Biotransformation · doi:10.1080/10242422.2023.2196362 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
“Milk is composed of casein micelles, which are colloidal complexes of phosphoproteins formed by hydrophobic a s1-, a s2-, and b -caseins and stabilized in the solution by the k-casein hydrophilic domain (Pontual et al. 2012).”
BackgroundKomansilan, S., Rosyidi, D., Radiati, L. E., Purwadi, P., & Evanuarini, H. (2021) · Current Research in Nutrition and Food Science Journal · doi:10.12944/crnfsj.9.2.21 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Verma, V., Singhal, G. S., Joshi, S., Choudhary, M., & Srivastava, N. (2022) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-822475-5.00009-0 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Zhao, Q., Huang, A., Wu, G., Guo, Q., Li, M., & Wang, X. (2022) · Food Research International · doi:10.1016/j.foodres.2022.111598 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Sato, K., Goto, K., Suzuki, A., Miura, T., Endo, M., Nakamura, K. T., & Tanimoto, M. (2018) · Food Science and Technology Research · doi:10.3136/fstr.24.669 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
“The specificity of caseinolytic activity from Moringa oleifera flowers indicated that hydrolysis of κ-casein started after 30 min of incubation, while αs- and β-caseins were degraded after 60 min (Pontual et al., 2012).”
BackgroundProteases from Calotropis gigantea stem, leaf and calli as milk coagulant source
Rajagopalan, A., Soundararajan, M., & Sukumaran, B. O. (2018) · Turkish Journal of Biochemistry · doi:10.1515/tjb-2017-0268 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Purification and Characterization of Milk Clotting Enzyme from Edible Mushroom (Pleurotus florida)
(2021) · Letters in Applied NanoBioScience · doi:10.33263/lianbs112.33623373 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
“However, low saturation of ammonium sulfate is superior to high concentrations usually used to purify MCE from different plants [29, 30].”
BackgroundMETALLOPROTEASE FROM THE CULTURAL LIQUID OF Pleurotus osreatus
Sakovich, V. V. (2019) · Biotechnologia Acta · doi:10.15407/biotech12.06.035 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Moringa oleifera Lam. Proteins: Properties and Food Applications
D’Auria, G., Nitride, C., & Ferranti, P. (2021) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-823960-5.00005-6 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Sukmana, A. B. A., Widyaningrum, I., Lani, R. K., & Kasmiyati, S. (2020) · Biosaintifika Journal of Biology & Biology Education · doi:10.15294/biosaintifika.v12i2.23516 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
“Milk coagulation screening assay Milk coagulation potential for the screening was conducted by mixing 20 μl crude enzyme extract with 5 ml 10% skim milk containing 10 mM CaCl2 in phosphate buffer pH 7.0 (Pontual et al., 2012).”
MethodInfluentialZhang, T., Yang, Z., Zhang, Y., Yi, L., Duan, F., Zhao, Q., Gu, Y., & Wang, S. (2024) · Food Chemistry · doi:10.1016/j.foodchem.2024.141956 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Paz, R., Landázuri, A. C., & Vernaza, M. G. (2020) · Nutrition & Food Science · doi:10.1108/nfs-05-2020-0161 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Omrani, A., Sboui, A., Hannachi, H., Hamouda, M., Dbara, M., Hammadi, M., Khorchani, T., & Maqsood, S. (2024) · International Journal of Dairy Technology · doi:10.1111/1471-0307.13118 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Mirsalami, S. M., & Mirsalami, M. (2024) · Food Chemistry Advances · doi:10.1016/j.focha.2024.100742 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Poliana, F. D. C., Borsoi, A., Edmar, S. D. V., & Piano, J. T. (2015) · African Journal of Agricultural Research · doi:10.5897/ajar2013.7549 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Omrani, A., Sboui, A., Mars, W., Hamouda, M., Dbara, M., Hammadi, M., & Khorchani, T. (2023) · Cellular and Molecular Biology · doi:10.14715/cmb/2023.69.13.14 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
“…Liang et al. (34) showed an increase in SA in pineapple peels as the temperature increased, with a maximum value of 55 °C. Similar results were obtained with Moringa oleifera flower and Opuntia ficus-indica fruit extracts with optimal clotting activity at 50 °C and 55 °C, respectively (35,36).”
ResultYoghurt fortification with Moringa oleifera: nutritional and production aspects
Adepoju, F. O. (2023) · Mljekarstvo/Mljekarstvo.com · doi:10.15567/mljekarstvo.2024.0101 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
“Leaf extracts of M. oleifera have been shown to be useful in diabetes treatment, with the ability to lower blood sugar levels and improve antioxidant status (Olurishe et al., 2016; Pontual et al., 2012).”
Putri, G. M., Manab, A., & Awwaly, K. U. A. (2022) · Asian Food Science Journal · doi:10.9734/afsj/2022/v21i930457 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
“The MCA was determined using [23] 10% skimmed milk (w/v).”
MethodVillegas, M. M., SILVA, J. N. F., Tito, F. R., Tonón, C. V., Muñoz, F. F., Pepe, A., & Guevara, M. G. (2024) · Foods · doi:10.3390/foods13223658 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
“BSG’s endopeptidases activity on bovine α -, β -, and k-casein subunits was determined according to the method described by Pontual [32].”
Plant Proteases in Food Processing
Shah, M. A., & Mir, S. A. (2018) · Reference series in phytochemistry · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-54528-8_68-1 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Sakovich, V. V., Hrusha, A. M., Revenko, V. V., & Zhernossekov, D. D. (2019) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of Belarus Biological Series · doi:10.29235/1029-8940-2019-64-4-467-471 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
RESPONSE OF MORINGA OLEIFERA TO ORGANIC BIOFERTILIZERS AND MINERAL NPK FERTILIZATIONS
Abdou, M. A. H., El-Sayed, A., Taha, G., & Mosaad, S. (2016) · Scientific Journal of Flowers and Ornamental Plants /Scientific Journal of Flowers and Ornamental Plants · doi:10.21608/sjfop.2016.5120 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
“Moringa has a great potential to become one of the most economically important crops for the tropics and subtropics considering its use in many fields as a medicine (Peixoto et al., 2011), food (Pontual et al., 2012) and fodder plant.”
BackgroundResultEffect of Moringa oleifera Leaves on Human Blood Coagulation Process
Sander, Y., Ariesanti, Y., & Roeslan, M. O. (2021) · IEEE International Conference on Health, Instrumentation & Measurement, and Natural Sciences (InHeNce) · doi:10.1109/inhence52833.2021.9537224 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Use of Proteolytic Activity of Ficus carica in Milk Coagulation
Priyashantha, H., Ranadheera, C. S., Senadheera, T. R. L., Hettiarachchi, H. T. M., Jayarathna, S., & Vidanarachchi, J. K. (2023) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-16493-4_33 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Screening and isolation of milk-clotting enzymes from seaweed
Arbita, A. A., Paul, N. A., Cox, J. M., & Zhao, J. J. (2023) · Journal of Applied Phycology · doi:10.1007/s10811-023-02975-4 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
“Several studies conducted only single stage of ammonium sulphate precipitation, e.g., for enzymes extracted from Moringa oleifera and tamarillo fruit (Pontual et al. 2012; Li et al. 2018a).”
EFFECT OF BIO-FERTILIZATION AND GROWING MEDIA ON THE CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF MORINGA OLEIFERA TREES
Sarhan, A. Z., Arfa, A., & Gonaw, H. (2017) · Scientific Journal of Flowers and Ornamental Plants /Scientific Journal of Flowers and Ornamental Plants · doi:10.21608/sjfop.2017.11322 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
“It is also a fast growing plant (Amaglo et al., 2007; Peixoto et al., 2011; Pontual et al., 2012).”
BackgroundIsmail, H. A. (2019) · Zagazig Journal of Agricultural Research · doi:10.21608/zjar.2019.40962 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
“It has been concluded that Moringa oleifera plant is an exciting source of milk clotting enzymes such as aspartic enzyme in different parts (Pontual et al., 2012).”
BackgroundResultInfluentialUniacke‐Lowe, T., & Fox, P. F. (2025) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-443-15956-5.00027-0 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Mahmoud, H., Hassan, E., & Aboelfetoh, M. (2021) · Archives of Agriculture Sciences Journal/Archives of Agriculture Sciences Journal · doi:10.21608/aasj.2021.179861 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
“Moringa has a great potential to become one of the most economically important crops for the tropics and subtropics considering its use in many fields as a medicine (Peixoto et al., 2011), food (Pontual et al., 2012) and fodder plant.”
Backgroundde Almeida, W. A., de Moura, M. C., Lima, T. D. A., de Albuquerque, L. P., Napoleão, T. H., Paiva, P. M. G., & Pontual, E. V. (2016) · Revista Arrudea - A revista do Jardim Botânico do Recife · doi:10.55513/arrudea0010 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
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SHOBHANJANA (MORINGA OLEIFERA LAM.) FLOWER: A PHARMACOLOGICAL REVIEW
Khobragade, V., Singh, R. K., Tawalare, K. A., Joshi, P. K., & Chauhan, N. S. (2024) · International Ayurvedic Medical Journal · doi:10.46607/iamj13p8062024 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Ríos-Oviedo, Á., Cetzal-Ix, W. R., López-Castilla, H. M. J., Basu, S. K., Tamayo‐Cen, I., & la Torre-Espinosa, Z. Y. D. (2025) · Journal of Herbs Spices & Medicinal Plants · doi:10.1080/10496475.2025.2498921 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
“[8] These compounds can inhibit virus proliferation by blocking essential enzymes or viral entry into host cells.”
PROTEOLYTIC AND MILK CLOTTING ACTIVITY OF FRACTIONATED PROTEIN OF CITRULLUS LANATUS
Dash, P., & Ghosh, G. (2015) · International Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences
Effect of high isostatic pressure processing on milk-clotting enzymes
Júnior, B. R. D. C. L. (2017) · doi:10.47749/t/unicamp.2017.980662
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Alves, A. N., Santos, I. A., Nascimento, P. A., Porfírio, M. C. P., Boas, E. V. D. B. V., Fontan, R. D. C. I., & Bonomo, R. C. F. (2025) · Separation and Purification Technology · doi:10.1016/j.seppur.2025.134994
An Overview of West African Traditional Soft Cheese: Processing, Safety, and Quality Characteristics
Tossou, M. W., Achaglinkame, M. A., Dari, L., Sossa-Vihotogbé, C., Bodor, Z., & Mörlein, D. (2025) · Comprehensive Reviews in Food Science and Food Safety · doi:10.1111/1541-4337.70301
Hiremath, V. M., Yadav, R., Tyagi, S. K., Pooja, A., Lakshmi Durga, M., Rajvardhan, P., Tomar, M., J, S. A., Urhe, S. B., Kawar, P. G., et al. (2026) · Food Nutrition · doi:10.1016/j.fnutr.2026.100097
- Authors
- Pontual, E. V., Carvalho, B. E. A., Bezerra, R. S., Coelho, L. C. B. B., Napoleão, T. H., & Paiva, P. M. G.
- Affiliations
- Universidade Federal de Pernambuco (BR)
- Corresponding author
- Paiva, Patrícia M.G.
- Venue
- Food Chemistry
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2012-12
- Volume
- 135
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 1848-1854
- ISSN
- 0308-8146 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2081770308
- Semantic Scholar
- 0d6e9ca8a1e33e42b05006250704381fa3c9e60f
- Cited by
- 97
- References
- 53
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1 · 2025: 4 · 2024: 6 · 2023: 12 · 2022: 6 · 2021: 8 · 2020: 11 · 2019: 10 · 2018: 10 · 2017: 12 · 2016: 7 · 2015: 5 · 2014: 1 · 2013: 3 · 2012: 1
- FWCI
- 3.63
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Food Chemistry (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior
- Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico
- Fundação de Amparo à Ciência e Tecnologia do Estado de Pernambuco
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Plant Science › Moringa oleifera research and applications
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Biotechnology › Enzyme Production and Characterization
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Food Science › Proteins in Food Systems
- Keywords
- Moringa oleifera, caseinolytic activity, milk-clotting activity, plant proteases, aspartic protease, κ-casein hydrolysis, protease inhibitors, pH and temperature stability
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Caseins, Cattle, Hydrogen-Ion Concentration, Hydrolysis, Milk, Plant Extracts, Moringa oleifera, Flowers
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