Comprehensive profiling of smoked cheese from raw goat's milk handcrafted in Lower Silesia (Poland)
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This study aimed to explore the distinctive characteristics of smoked cheese made from raw goat's milk, labelled “ Produkt polski ” and crafted in the Lower Silesia region of Poland. A comprehensive range of analyses was performed, including physico-chemical and morpho-textural evaluations, microbial counts, and a metataxonomic investigation to uncover the microbial diversity occurring in the cheese. The volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and the total fatty acid composition were also determined. Additionally, a consumer test based on a hedonic scale was conducted to capture the subjective experience of the product's appeal. The cheese samples revealed water activity (a w ) ranging between 0.901 ± 0.003 and 0.926 ± 0.001, with pH levels between 5.08 ± 0.15 and 5.44 ± 0.01. Regarding fatty acid composition, all of the smoked cheeses displayed a similar profile, with saturated fatty acids dominating (SFA, ∼75 %), followed by monounsaturated (MUFA, ∼22 %) and polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA, ∼3 %). Microbial analysis revealed thriving populations, including lactococci (up to 8.63 ± 0.07 log colony-forming units g −1 ), thermophilic cocci (up to 6.85 ± 0.08 log cfu g −1 ), lactobacilli (up to 9.50 ± 0.04 log cfu g −1 ), enterococci (up to 5.93 ± 0.00 log cfu g −1 ), and eumycetes (up to 2.68 ± 0.48 log cfu g −1 ). Metataxonomic analysis identified dominant bacterial taxa such as Lactobacillus , Lactococcus , and Leuconostoc , as well as Carnobacterium and Lacticaseibacillus . Among the 24 lactic acid bacteria cultures isolated, the closest relatives to Enterococcus , Lacticaseibacillus , Lactococcus , and Leuconostoc were identified. Some isolates demonstrated promising pro-technological traits, positioning them as potential adjunct cultures for improving fermented dairy products. The volatile profile of the smoked cheese was particularly intriguing, with a total of 87 VOCs detected, categorized as esters (18), ketones (14), hydrocarbons (11), acids (10), phenols (11), alcohols (8), furans (5), lactones (4), aldehydes (3), and other compounds (3). Sensory evaluation revealed a moderate appreciation for the cheese's appearance, whereas the smoked flavor elicited the most varied scores, highlighting its strong impact on consumer preference. • Smoked cheese from raw goat's milk were analyzed. • Lactobacillus , Lactococcus , and Leuconostoc were the dominant taxa. • Enterococcus spp. , Lacticaseibacillus spp., and Lactococcus spp. were characterized. • The volatile profile samples revealed 87 volatile organic compounds. • Saturated fatty acids were those most abundantly detected.
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Cohesiveness decreased over time due to continuous hydrolysis of proteins during ripening, which weakened the stable protein structure.
“This was due to the continuous hydrolysis of proteins during ripening, which weakened the stable structure formed by the proteins, leading to a reduction in cohesiveness (Guinee, 2016;Cardinali et al., 2025).”
From Impact of lactic acid bacteria coculture on the quality characteristics of goat cheese during ripening (2025) · cites this paper as Cardinali et al., 2025
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Nedelkoska, D. N., MIFTARI, H., Rampanti, G., Harasym, J., Pacetti, D., Lucci, P., Ismaiel, L., Fanesi, B., Ferati, I., Cardinali, F., et al. (2026) · Food Bioscience · doi:10.1016/j.fbio.2026.110080
- Authors
- Cardinali, F., Rampanti, G., Harasym, J., Lucci, P., Ferrocino, I., Pacetti, D., Fanesi, B., Milanović, V., Garofalo, C., Petruzzelli, A., Savelli, D., Gabucci, C., Aquilanti, L., & Osimani, A.
- Affiliations
- Marche Polytechnic University (IT)
- Wroclaw University of Economics and Business (PL)
- University of Turin (IT)
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Umbria e delle Marche (IT)
- Corresponding author
- Osimani, Andrea
- ORCID
- Venue
- Food Research International
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2025-06
- Volume
- 211
- Pages
- 116398
- ISSN
- 0963-9969 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W4409529131
- Cited by
- 6
- References
- 85
- Citations by year
- 2026: 4 · 2025: 2
- FWCI
- 2.82
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Food Research International (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Institutional Research Information System University of Turin (University of Turin) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Università Politecnica delle Marche (Università Politecnica delle Marche) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Funders
- Ministero dell'Istruzione dell'Universita e della Ricerca
- European Commission
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Food Science › Probiotics and Fermented Foods
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Food Science › Food and Agricultural Sciences
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Food Science › Advanced Scientific Research Methods
- Keywords
- smoked cheese, artisanal cheese, Lower Silesia, volatile organic compounds, fatty acid composition, lactic acid bacteria, microbial diversity, metataxonomics, cheese texture, sensory evaluation, consumer acceptance, adjunct cultures, Lactococcus, Lactobacillus, Leuconostoc, Carnobacterium, Lacticaseibacillus
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Cheese, Consumer Behavior, Fatty Acids, Food Handling, Food Microbiology, Goats, Humans, Milk, Poland, Smoke, Colony Count, Microbial, Volatile Organic Compounds
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