Dietary intake of inorganic nitrate in vegetarians and omnivores and its impact on blood pressure, resting metabolic rate and the oral microbiome
Open accessAbstract
Vegetarian diets are commonly associated with lower blood pressure levels. This has been related to greater consumption of inorganic nitrate, since vegetables are the main source of this anion. Dietary nitrate is reduced to nitrite by commensal bacteria in the mouth, which in turn leads to increased circulatory nitrite availability. Nitrite can form nitric oxide by several pathways promoting a reduction in the vascular tone and lower blood pressure. This study tested whether vegetarians have higher concentrations of nitrite in saliva and plasma, and lower blood pressure and resting metabolic rate (RMR), due to higher intakes of nitrate, compared to omnivores. Following a non-randomized, cross-over and single-blinded design we measured dietary nitrate intake, blood pressure and RMR in young and healthy vegetarians (n = 22) and omnivores (n = 19) with similar characteristics after using placebo or antibacterial mouthwash for a week to inhibit oral bacteria. Additionally, we analyzed salivary and plasma nitrate and nitrite concentrations, as well as the oral nitrate-reduction rate and oral microbiome in both groups. Dietary nitrate intake in vegetarians (97 ± 79 mg/day) was not statistically different (P > 0.05) to omnivores (78 ± 47 mg/day). Salivary and plasma nitrate and nitrite concentrations were similar after placebo mouthwash in both groups (P > 0.05). The oral nitrate-reducing capacity, abundance of oral bacterial species, blood pressure and RMR were also similar between vegetarians and omnivores (P > 0.05). Antibacterial mouthwash significantly decreased abundance of oral nitrate-reducing bacterial species in vegetarians (_ 16.9%; P < 0.001) and omnivores (_ 17.4%; P < 0.001), which in turn led to a significant reduction of the oral nitrate-reducing capacity in vegetarians (-78%; P < 0.001) and omnivores (-85%; P < 0.001). However, this did not lead to a significant increase in blood pressure and RMR in either groups (P > 0.05). These findings suggest that vegetarian diets may not alter nitrate and nitrite homeostasis, or the oral microbiome, compared to an omnivore diet. Additionally, inhibition of oral nitrite synthesis for a week with antibacterial mouthwash did not cause a significant raise in blood pressure and RMR in healthy, young individuals independent of diet.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
A higher intake of nitrate-rich vegetables increases salivary and plasma nitrite levels and improves blood pressure profiles.
“Diet is a key factor, as a higher intake of nitrate-rich vegetables has been shown to increase salivary and plasma nitrite levels, as well as improving blood pressure profiles [33].”
From Dietary Nitrate-Rich Vegetables as Natural Modulators of Health: Mechanisms and Benefits in Ageing Populations (2026) · cites this paper as [33]
Disruption of the oral microbiome by antibacterial mouthwashes such as chlorhexidine significantly impairs nitrate reduction and decreases nitrite bioavailability, attenuating the blood-pressure-lowering effects of dietary nitrate.
“Disruption to the oral microbiome by antibacterial mouthwashes, such as chlorhexidine, significantly impairs nitrate reduction and decreases nitrite bioavailability, thereby attenuating the blood-pressure-lowering effects of dietary nitrate [29,31,33].”
From Dietary Nitrate-Rich Vegetables as Natural Modulators of Health: Mechanisms and Benefits in Ageing Populations (2026) · cites this paper as [33]
Avoiding antibacterial mouthwashes around consumption, ensuring adequate salivary flow, and consuming nitrate-rich beetroot products 1-2 h prior to desired effect can enhance nitrate reduction and NO bioavailability.
“These include avoiding antibacterial mouthwashes around the time of consumption, ensuring adequate salivary flow and consuming nitrate-rich beetroot products 1–2 h prior to the desired physiological effect.”
From Dietary Nitrate-Rich Vegetables as Natural Modulators of Health: Mechanisms and Benefits in Ageing Populations (2026) · cites this paper as [33]
There is no formal protocol for dietary nitrate intake.
“Although there is no formal protocol for dietary nitrate intake”
From Dietary Nitrate-Rich Vegetables as Natural Modulators of Health: Mechanisms and Benefits in Ageing Populations (2026) · cites this paper as [33]
Dietary nitrate can theoretically enhance the vasodilatory effects of pharmacological NO donors by providing additional nitrite-derived NO.
“dietary nitrate can theoretically enhance the vasodilatory effects of pharmacological NO donors by providing additional nitrite-derived NO [29,31,33,108].”
From Dietary Nitrate-Rich Vegetables as Natural Modulators of Health: Mechanisms and Benefits in Ageing Populations (2026) · cites this paper as [33]
Several practical guidelines can enhance nitrate reduction and NO bioavailability.
“there are several practical guidelines that can enhance nitrate reduction and NO bioavailability [29,31,33,108].”
From Dietary Nitrate-Rich Vegetables as Natural Modulators of Health: Mechanisms and Benefits in Ageing Populations (2026) · cites this paper as [33]
Cites
QIIME allows analysis of high-throughput community sequencing data
Caporaso, J. G., Kuczynski, J., Stombaugh, J., Bittinger, K., Bushman, F. D., Costello, E. K., Fierer, N., Peña, A. G., Goodrich, J. K., Gordon, J. I., et al. (2010) · Nature Methods · doi:10.1038/nmeth.f.303 · Cited by 34,887 · see citing works
Cutadapt removes adapter sequences from high-throughput sequencing reads
Martin, M. (2011) · EMBnet.journal · doi:10.14806/ej.17.1.200 · Cited by 33,889 · see citing works
Naive Bayesian Classifier for Rapid Assignment of rRNA Sequences into the New Bacterial Taxonomy
Wang, Q., Garrity, G. M., Tiedje, J. M., & Cole, J. R. (2007) · Applied and Environmental Microbiology · doi:10.1128/aem.00062-07 · Cited by 19,770 · see citing works
Metagenomic biomarker discovery and explanation
Segata, N., Izard, J., Waldron, L., Gevers, D., Miropolsky, L., Garrett, W. S., & Huttenhower, C. (2011) · Genome Biology · doi:10.1186/gb-2011-12-6-r60 · Cited by 16,192 · see citing works
New methods for calculating metabolic rate with special reference to protein metabolism
Weir, J. B. D. V. (1949) · The Journal of Physiology · doi:10.1113/jphysiol.1949.sp004363 · Cited by 5,608 · see citing works
Phenol-Explorer: an online comprehensive database on polyphenol contents in foods
Neveu, V., Pérez‐Jiménez, J., Vos, F., Crespy, V., Chaffaut, L. D., Mennen, L. I., Knox, C., Eisner, R., Cruz, J., Wishart, D. S., et al. (2010) · Database · doi:10.1093/database/bap024 · Cited by 1,442 · see citing works
Food sources of nitrates and nitrites: The physiologic context for potential health benefits
Hord, N. G., Tang, Y., & Bryan, N. S. (2009) · The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.3945/ajcn.2008.27131 · Cited by 1,069 · see citing works
Nitric oxide signalling in cardiovascular health and disease
Farah, C., Michel, L. Y. M., & Balligand, J.-L. (2018) · Nature Reviews Cardiology · doi:10.1038/nrcardio.2017.224 · Cited by 779 · see citing works
Duncan, C., Dougall, H., Johnston, P., Green, S., Brogan, R., Leifert, C., Smith, L., Golden, M., & Benjamin, N. (1995) · Nature Medicine · doi:10.1038/nm0695-546 · Cited by 734 · see citing works
Benjamin, N., O'Driscoll, F., Dougall, H., Duncan, C., Smith, L., Golden, M., & McKenzie, H. (1994) · Nature · doi:10.1038/368502a0 · Cited by 665 · see citing works
Inorganic nitrate is a possible source for systemic generation of nitric oxide
Lundberg, J. O., & Govoni, M. (2004) · Free Radical Biology and Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2004.04.027 · Cited by 657 · see citing works
Effects of Dietary Nitrate on Blood Pressure in Healthy Volunteers
Larsen, F. J., Ekblom, B., Sahlin, K., Lundberg, J. O., & Weitzberg, E. (2006) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmc062800 · Cited by 587 · see citing works
Govoni, M., Jansson, E. Å., Weitzberg, E., & Lundberg, J. O. (2008) · Nitric Oxide · doi:10.1016/j.niox.2008.08.003 · Cited by 585 · see citing works
Salivary pH: A diagnostic biomarker
Baliga, S., Muglikar, S., & Kale, R. (2013) · Journal of Indian Society of Periodontology · doi:10.4103/0972-124x.118317 · Cited by 565 · see citing works
Vegetarian Diets and Blood Pressure: A Meta-analysis
Yokoyama, Y., Nishimura, K., Barnard, N. D., Takegami, M., Watanabe, M., Sekikawa, A., Okamura, T., & Miyamoto, Y. (2014) · JAMA Internal Medicine · doi:10.1001/jamainternmed.2013.14547 · Cited by 530 · see citing works
Kapil, V., Khambata, R. S., Robertson, A., Caulfield, M. J., & Ahluwalia, A. (2015) · Hypertension · doi:10.1161/hypertensionaha.114.04675 · Cited by 500 · see citing works
Physiological role for nitrate-reducing oral bacteria in blood pressure control
Kapil, V., Haydar, S. M. A., Pearl, V., Lundberg, J. O., Weitzberg, E., & Ahluwalia, A. (2013) · Free Radical Biology and Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2012.11.013 · Cited by 413 · see citing works
Huang, T., Yang, B., Zheng, J., Li, G., Wahlqvist, M. L., & Li, D. (2012) · Annals of Nutrition and Metabolism · doi:10.1159/000337301 · Cited by 382 · see citing works
The effect of nitrate intake on nitrite formation in human saliva
Tannenbaum, S. R., Weisman, M., & Fett, D. (1976) · Food and Cosmetics Toxicology · doi:10.1016/s0015-6264(76)80006-5 · Cited by 381 · see citing works
Changes in Abundance of Oral Microbiota Associated with Oral Cancer
Schmidt, B. L., Kuczynski, J., Bhattacharya, A., Huey, B., Corby, P. M. A., Queiroz, E. L. S., Nightingale, K., Kerr, A. R., DeLacure, M. D., Veeramachaneni, R., et al. (2014) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0098741 · Cited by 377 · see citing works
Siervo, M., Lara, J., Ogbonmwan, I., & Mathers, J. C. (2013) · The Journal of Nutrition · doi:10.3945/jn.112.170233 · Cited by 375 · see citing works
Nitrate in vegetables - Scientific Opinion of the Panel on Contaminants in the Food chain
(EFSA), E. F. S. A. (2008) · EFSA Journal · doi:10.2903/j.efsa.2008.689 · Cited by 365 · see citing works
Ingested nitrate and nitrite and stomach cancer risk: An updated review
Bryan, N. S., Alexander, D. D., Coughlin, J. R., Milkowski, A. L., & Boffetta, P. (2012) · Food and Chemical Toxicology · doi:10.1016/j.fct.2012.07.062 · Cited by 335 · see citing works
Hyde, E. R., Andrade, F., Vaksman, Z., Parthasarathy, K., Jiang, H., Parthasarathy, D. K., Torregrossa, A. C., Tribble, G., Kaplan, H. B., Petrosino, J. F., et al. (2014) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0088645 · Cited by 275 · see citing works
Nitrate-responsive oral microbiome modulates nitric oxide homeostasis and blood pressure in humans
Vanhatalo, A., Blackwell, J. R., L’Heureux, J. E., Williams, D. W., Smith, A., van der Giezen, M., Winyard, P. G., Kelly, J., & Jones, A. M. (2018) · Free Radical Biology and Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2018.05.078 · Cited by 256 · cited 1× · see citing works
“On the 432 other hand, an excess of nitrogen species may also alter nitric oxide homeostasis and the oral 433 microbiome as shown by a recent study by Vanhatalo et al (52).”
BackgroundVegetarian Dietary Patterns Are Associated With a Lower Risk of Metabolic Syndrome
Rizzo, N., Sabaté, J., Jaceldo‐Siegl, K., & Fraser, G. E. (2011) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/dc10-1221 · Cited by 251 · see citing works
Medina‐Remón, A., Tresserra‐Rimbau, A., Pons, A., Tur, J. A., Martorell, M., Ros, E., Buil‐Cosiales, P., Sacanella, E., Covas, M., Corella, D., et al. (2014) · Nutrition Metabolism and Cardiovascular Diseases · doi:10.1016/j.numecd.2014.09.001 · Cited by 199 · see citing works
Bondonno, C. P., Liu, A. H., Croft, K. D., Considine, M. J., Puddey, I. B., Woodman, R. J., & Hodgson, J. M. (2015) · American Journal of Hypertension · doi:10.1093/ajh/hpu192 · Cited by 190 · see citing works
Nitrate in vegetables Scientific Opinion of the Panel on Contaminants in the Food chain 1
Alexander, J., Benford, D., Cockburn, A., Cravedi, J., Eugenia Dogliotti, Y., Domenico, A. D., Fernández‐Cruz, M. L., Fink‐Gremmels, J., Fürst, P., Galli, C. L., et al. (2008) · Cited by 187 · see citing works
Koch, C. D., Gladwin, M. T., Freeman, B. A., Lundberg, J. O., Weitzberg, E., & Morris, A. (2017) · Free Radical Biology and Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2016.12.015 · Cited by 186 · see citing works
Therapeutic effects of inorganic nitrate and nitrite in cardiovascular and metabolic diseases
Omar, S. A., Webb, A. J., Lundberg, J. O., & Weitzberg, E. (2016) · Journal of Internal Medicine · doi:10.1111/joim.12441 · Cited by 175 · see citing works
Plasma apoprotein and lipoprotein lipid levels in vegetarians
Burslem, J., Schonfeld, G., Howald, M. A., Weidman, S. W., & Miller, J. P. (1978) · Metabolism · doi:10.1016/0026-0495(78)90009-4 · Cited by 152 · see citing works
Belstrøm, D., Constancias, F., Liu, Y., Yang, L., Drautz‐Moses, D. I., Schuster, S. C., Kohli, G. S., Jakobsen, T. H., Holmstrup, P., & Givskov, M. (2017) · npj Biofilms and Microbiomes · doi:10.1038/s41522-017-0031-4 · Cited by 150 · see citing works
De Filippis, F., Vannini, L., La Storia, A., Laghi, L., Piombino, P., Stellato, G., Serrazanetti, D. I., Gozzi, G., Turroni, S., Ferrocino, I., et al. (2014) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0112373 · Cited by 146 · see citing works
Re‐evaluation of sodium nitrate (E 251) and potassium nitrate (E 252) as food additives
(ANS), E. P. O. F. A. A. N. S. A. T. F., Mortensen, A., Aguilar, F., Crebelli, R., Di Domenico, A., Dusemund, B., Frutos, M. J., Galtier, P., Gott, D., Gundert‐Remy, U., et al. (2017) · EFSA Journal · doi:10.2903/j.efsa.2017.4787 · Cited by 143 · see citing works
Impact of a vegan diet on the human salivary microbiota
Hansen, T. H., Kern, T., Bak, E. G., Kashani, A., Allin, K. H., Nielsen, T., Hansen, T. F., & Pedersen, O. B. (2018) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-018-24207-3 · Cited by 127 · see citing works
When saliva meets acid: chemical warfare at the oesophagogastric junction: Figure 1
McColl, K. E. L. (2004) · Gut · doi:10.1136/gut.2004.047126 · Cited by 114 · see citing works
Ashworth, A., Mitchell, K., Blackwell, J. R., Vanhatalo, A., & Jones, A. M. (2015) · Public Health Nutrition · doi:10.1017/s1368980015000038 · Cited by 109 · see citing works
Self-citationSex differences in the nitrate-nitrite-NO• pathway: Role of oral nitrate-reducing bacteria
Kapil, V., Rathod, K. S., Khambata, R. S., Bahra, M., Velmurugan, S., Purba, A., Watson, D., Barnes, M. R., Wade, W. G., & Ahluwalia, A. (2018) · Free Radical Biology and Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2018.07.010 · Cited by 99 · see citing works
Dietary nitrate reduces resting metabolic rate: A randomized, crossover study in humans
Larsen, F. J., Schiffer, T. A., Ekblom, B., Mattsson, M. P., Checa, A., Wheelock, C. E., Nyström, T., Lundberg, J. O., & Weitzberg, E. (2014) · The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.3945/ajcn.113.079491 · Cited by 92 · see citing works
Commentary: Dietary diaries versus food frequency questionnaires—a case of undigestible data
Willett, W. C. (2001) · International Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/ije/30.2.317 · Cited by 92 · see citing works
Bondonno, C. P., Liu, A. H., Croft, K. D., Ward, N. C., Yang, X., Considine, M. J., Puddey, I. B., Woodman, R. J., & Hodgson, J. M. (2014) · Free Radical Biology and Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2014.09.021 · Cited by 85 · see citing works
Blekkenhorst, L. C., Bondonno, C. P., Lewis, J. R., Devine, A., Woodman, R. J., Croft, K. D., Lim, W. H., Wong, G., Beilin, L. J., Prince, R. L., et al. (2017) · American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.3945/ajcn.116.146761 · Cited by 74 · see citing works
Total cardiovascular risk profile of Taiwanese vegetarians
Chen, C.-W., Lin, Y.-L., Lin, T.-K., Lin, C.-T., Chen, B.-C., & Lin, C. (2007) · European Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1038/sj.ejcn.1602689 · Cited by 72 · see citing works
Assessment of dietary nitrate intake in humans: a systematic review
Babateen, A. M., Fornelli, G., Donini, L. M., Mathers, J. C., & Siervo, M. (2018) · American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1093/ajcn/nqy108 · Cited by 72 · see citing works
Identification and management of familial hypercholesterolaemia
Minhas, R., Humphries, S. E., Davies, D., Lee, P., McDowell, I. F. W., Neil, A., Qureshi, N., Rowlands, P. K., Seed, M., Stracey, H., et al. (2008) · Cited by 67 · see citing works
Dietary nitrate and blood pressure: evolution of a new nutrient?
Ashworth, A., & Bescós, R. (2017) · Nutrition Research Reviews · doi:10.1017/s0954422417000063 · Cited by 65 · see citing works
Self-citationLipoproteins and lipoprotein metabolism in periodontal disease
Griffiths, R. L., & Barbour, S. E. (2010) · Clinical Lipidology · doi:10.2217/clp.10.27 · Cited by 60 · see citing works
Blekkenhorst, L. C., Lewis, J. R., Prince, R. L., Devine, A., Bondonno, N. P., Bondonno, C. P., Wood, L. G., Puddey, I. B., Ward, N. C., Croft, K. D., et al. (2018) · American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1093/ajcn/nqy061 · Cited by 49 · see citing works
Sundqvist, M. L., Lundberg, J. O., & Weitzberg, E. (2016) · Nitric Oxide · doi:10.1016/j.niox.2016.10.003 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
Low density and high density lipoprotein kinetics and sterol balance in vegetarians
Nestel, P. J., Billington, T., & Smith, B. P. (1981) · Metabolism · doi:10.1016/0026-0495(81)90090-1 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
Gibson, R., Eriksen, R., Lamb, K., McMeel, Y., Vergnaud, A., Spear, J., Aresu, M., Chan, Q. M., Elliott, P., & Frost, G. S. (2017) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2016-012927 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
Blood Pressure: The Lower, the Better
Grossman, E. (2011) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/dc11-s245 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
Changes in body posture alter plasma nitrite but not nitrate concentration in humans
Liddle, L., Monaghan, C., Burleigh, M. C., McIlvenna, L. C., Muggeridge, D. J., & Easton, C. (2017) · Nitric Oxide · doi:10.1016/j.niox.2017.11.008 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Self-citationStudy on the influence of food processing on nitrate levels in vegetables
Ekart, K., Gorenjak, A. H., Madorran, E., Lapajne, S., & Langerholc, T. (2013) · EFSA Supporting Publications · doi:10.2903/sp.efsa.2013.en-514 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Mitek, M., Anyżewska, A., & Wawrzyniak, A. (2013) · PubMed · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Neutralizing salivary pH by mouthwashes after an acidic challenge
Dehghan, M., Tantbirojn, D., Kymer‐Davis, E., Stewart, C. W., Zhang, Y. H., Versluis, A., & Garcı́a-Godoy, F. (2015) · Journal of Investigative and Clinical Dentistry · doi:10.1111/jicd.12198 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Traczyk, I., & Szponar, L. (2000) · Polish Journal of Food and Nutrition Sciences · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
3 of the 61 references couldn’t be matched to a known paper.
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Effects of Chlorhexidine mouthwash on the oral microbiome
Bescós, R., Ashworth, A., Clarke, C., Brookes, Z. L. S., Belfield, L., Rodiles, A., Casas‐Agustench, P., Farnham, G., Liddle, L., Burleigh, M. C., et al. (2020) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-020-61912-4 · Cited by 351 · see citing works
Self-citationJones, A. M., Vanhatalo, A., Seals, D. R., Rossman, M. J., Piknova, B., & Jonvik, K. L. (2021) · Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise · doi:10.1249/mss.0000000000002470 · Cited by 156 · see citing works
Effects of chlorhexidine mouthwash on the oral microbiome
Brookes, Z. L. S., Belfield, L., Ashworth, A., Casas‐Agustench, P., Raja, M., Pollard, A. J., & Bescós, R. (2021) · Journal of Dentistry · doi:10.1016/j.jdent.2021.103768 · Cited by 154 · see citing works
Self-citationAguilera, E. M., Leira, Y., Catalina, Q. M., Orlandi, M., Cześnikiewicz‐Guzik, M., Guzik, T. J., Hingorani, A. D., Nart, J., & D’Aiuto, F. (2020) · Journal of Internal Medicine · doi:10.1111/joim.13180 · Cited by 81 · see citing works
Giordano-Kelhoffer, B., Lorca, C., March‐Llanes, J., Rábano, A., del Ser, T., Serra, A., & Gallart‐Palau, X. (2022) · Biomedicines · doi:10.3390/biomedicines10081803 · Cited by 84 · see citing works
Pathways Linking Oral Bacteria, Nitric Oxide Metabolism, and Health
Morou-Bermúdez, E., Torres-Colón, J. E., Bermúdez, N. S., Patel, R. P., & Joshipura, K. J. (2022) · Journal of Dental Research · doi:10.1177/00220345211064571 · Cited by 70 · see citing works
From nitrate to NO: potential effects of nitrate-reducing bacteria on systemic health and disease
Liu, H., Huang, Y., Huang, M., Wang, M., Ming, Y., Chen, W., Chen, Y., Tang, Z., & Jia, B. (2023) · European Journal of Medical Research · doi:10.1186/s40001-023-01413-y · Cited by 58 · see citing works
Role of Oral and Gut Microbiota in Dietary Nitrate Metabolism and Its Impact on Sports Performance
González-Soltero, R., Bailén, M., de Lucas, B., Ramírez-Goercke, M. I., Pareja-Galeano, H., & Larrosa, M. (2020) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu12123611 · Cited by 54 · see citing works
Clarke, C., Kiernan, M., Willis, J. R., Gallardo-Alfaro, L., Casas-Agustench, P., White, D., Hickson, M., Gabaldon, T., & Bescos, R. (2019) · Free Radical Biology and Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2019.07.035 · Cited by 49 · see citing works
Self-citationGoh, C. E., Bohn, B., Marotz, C. A., Molinsky, R. L., Roy, S. S., Paster, B. J., Chen, C., Rosenbaum, M. S., yuzefpolskaya, M., Colombo, P. C., et al. (2022) · Journal of the American Heart Association · doi:10.1161/jaha.121.023038 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
The effects of nitrate on the oral microbiome: a systematic review investigating prebiotic potential
Moran, S. P., Rosier, B. T., Henriquez, F. L., & Burleigh, M. C. (2024) · Journal of Oral Microbiology · doi:10.1080/20002297.2024.2322228 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
Self-citationBahrami, L. S., Arabi, S. M., Feizy, Z., & Rezvani, R. (2021) · Nitric Oxide · doi:10.1016/j.niox.2021.06.002 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
Toit, L. D., Sundqvist, M. L., Redondo-Río, Á., Brookes, Z. L. S., Casas‐Agustench, P., Hickson, M., Benavente, A., Montagut, G., Weitzberg, E., Gabaldón, T., et al. (2024) · Journal of Nutrition · doi:10.1016/j.tjnut.2024.07.002 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Self-citationNitrate, nitrite and nitrosamines in the global food supply
McMahon, N. F., Brooker, P. G., Pavey, T. G., & Leveritt, M. D. (2024) · Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition · doi:10.1080/10408398.2022.2124949 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Daniele, S., Scarfò, G., Ceccarelli, L., Fusi, J., Zappelli, E., Biagini, D., Lomonaco, T., Francesco, F. D., Franzoni, F., & Martini, C. (2021) · Biology · doi:10.3390/biology10121292 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Oral hygiene, mouthwash usage and cardiovascular mortality during 18.8 years of follow-up
Janket, S., Lee, C., Surakka, M., Jangam, T. G., Dyke, T. E. V., Baird, A. E., & Meurman, J. H. (2023) · BDJ · doi:10.1038/s41415-023-5507-4 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Current clinical framework on nitric oxide role in periodontal disease and blood pressure
Lima, L. L. L., Gaspar, S. R., Rocha, B. S., Alves, R. C., & Almeida, M. G. (2024) · Clinical Oral Investigations · doi:10.1007/s00784-024-05913-x · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Fernández-Elías, V. E., Courel‐Ibáñez, J., Pérez‐López, A., Jiménez, P. J., Moreno-Pérez, V., Coso, J. D., & López‐Samanes, Á. (2020) · Journal of the American Nutrition Association · doi:10.1080/07315724.2020.1835585 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Grant, M. M., & Jönsson, D. (2019) · Journal of Clinical Medicine · doi:10.3390/jcm8081110 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Modulation of oral microbiota: A new frontier in exercise supplementation
Bescós, R., Brookes, Z. L. S., Belfield, L., Fernández‐Sanjurjo, M., & Casas‐Agustench, P. (2020) · PharmaNutrition · doi:10.1016/j.phanu.2020.100230 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Potential role for age as a modulator of oral nitrate reductase activity
Ahmed, K. A., Kim, K., Ricart, K. C., Pol, W. V. D., Qi, X., Bamman, M. M., Behrens, C. E., Fisher, G., Boulton, M. E., Morrow, C. D., et al. (2020) · Nitric Oxide · doi:10.1016/j.niox.2020.12.001 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Irwin, S. V., Deardorff, L. M., Deng, Y., Fisher, P., Gould, M., June, J., Kent, R. S., Qin, Y., & Yadao, F. (2022) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0265249 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Cato, L. E., McKay, A. K. A., L’Heureux, J. E., Vanhatalo, A., JONES, A. M., Askew, C. D., Slater, G., & Burke, L. M. (2023) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu15245123 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Bescos, R., Gallardo-Alfaro, L., Ashor, A., Rizzolo-Brime, L., Siervo, M., & Casas-Agustench, P. (2025) · Free Radical Biology and Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2024.11.010 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Bescós, R., Toit, L. D., Redondo-Río, Á., Warburton, P., Nicholas, T. L., Kiernan, M., Burton, R. A., Belfield, L., Montagut, G., Benavente, A., et al. (2024) · Journal of Oral Microbiology · doi:10.1080/20002297.2024.2439636 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Self-citationPaiva, B., Laranjinha, J. A. N., & Rocha, B. S. (2024) · FEBS Letters · doi:10.1002/1873-3468.14859 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Yu, J., Lin, B., Zhang, Z., Chen, W., Lv, W., & Zheng, L. (2024) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2024-087288 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Ayatollahi, S. A., Asgary, S., Ghanbari, F., Karimi, R., Kobarfard, F., Sarfaraz, S. A., Nazim, U., & Pour, P. M. (2022) · Current Problems in Cardiology · doi:10.1016/j.cpcardiol.2022.101336 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Altamura, S., Augello, F. R., Lombardi, F., Palumbo, P., Cinque, B., Pietropaoli, D., & Simone, C. D. (2025) · Foods · doi:10.3390/foods14091512 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Ren, Y., Liang, J., Hu, W., Xie, J., Zheng, Y., Song, W., Zhu, J., Zhou, H., Wu, Q., He, Y., et al. (2024) · Journal of Oral Microbiology · doi:10.1080/20002297.2024.2382620 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Rowland, S. N., Chessor, R. J., French, G., Robinson, G. P., O’Donnell, E., James, L. J., & Bailey, S. J. (2020) · Applied Physiology, Nutrition, and Metabolism · doi:10.1139/apnm-2020-0357 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Mehranfar, S., Tarashi, S., Hajishizari, S., Badi, S. A., Yekaninejad, M. S., Clark, C. C. T., Motahhary, A., Jamili, S., Siadat, S. D., & Mirzaei, K. (2023) · Journal of Diabetes & Metabolic Disorders · doi:10.1007/s40200-023-01368-1 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Wang, X., Liu, H., Yue, M., Shan, Z., Wang, J., Wang, X., Zhang, D., Wang, S., & Hu, L. (2025) · Redox Biology · doi:10.1016/j.redox.2025.103901 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
The exposome and the human oral microbiome through the one health lens.
Limo, L., Donovan, J., Frisbee, S., & Gomaa, N. (2026) · Archives of Oral Biology · doi:10.1016/j.archoralbio.2026.106504 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Diet type and the oral microbiome
Betancur, D., Jara, E. L., Lima, C. A., & Victoriano, M. (2026) · Frontiers in Nutrition · doi:10.3389/fnut.2025.1691952 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Toit, L. D., Offiah, I., Redondo-Río, Á., Kahawita, T. M., Kiernan, M., Lin, Y. M., Belfield, L., Montagut, G., Benavente, A., Nicholas, T. L., et al. (2025) · Pregnancy Hypertension · doi:10.1016/j.preghy.2025.101188 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Self-citationVarlas, V. N., Bohîlțea, L. C., & Suciu, N. (2025) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu17091535 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Nicholas, T. L., Bescós, R., Doble, A., Muddiman, K. J., Kellett, P., Stephen, A. S., Toit, L. D., Witton, R., & Brookes, Z. L. S. (2025) · Journal of Dentistry · doi:10.1016/j.jdent.2025.106127 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
The potential impact of a vegetarian diet on glaucoma
Knecht, K. T., Chiriac, G., & Guan, H. (2024) · Survey of Ophthalmology · doi:10.1016/j.survophthal.2024.05.001 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
The influence of the oral microbiome on general health
Rohr, J. F. C., Rozenblats, A., Selga, G., & Čēma, I. (2021) · STOMATOLOGY EDU JOURNAL · doi:10.25241/stomaeduj.2021.8(1).art.7 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Kurhaluk, N., Kołodziejska, R., Buyun, L., Kamiński, P., & Tkaczenko, H. (2026) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms27083461 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
“Although there is no formal protocol for dietary nitrate intake, there are several practical guidelines that can enhance nitrate reduction and NO bioavailability [29,31,33,108].”
InfluentialGuo, K., JOSHIPURA, K. J., Ricart, K. C., Patel, R. P., Gower, B. A., Andriankaja, O. M., & Morou-Bermúdez, E. (2025) · Frontiers in Oral Health · doi:10.3389/froh.2025.1488286 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
(2020) · MDPI eBooks · doi:10.3390/books978-3-03943-508-1 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Muddiman, K. J., Doble, A., Stephen, A. S., Bescós, R., Illsley, C. S., Nicholas, T. L., Hanks, S., Toit, L. D., & Brookes, Z. L. S. (2026) · International Dental Journal · doi:10.1016/j.identj.2026.109518 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Mauricio, F., Mauricio‐Vilchez, C., Galarza-Valencia, D., Alvítez-Temoche, D., Vilchez, L., Espinoza‐Carhuancho, F., & Mayta‐Tovalino, F. (2024) · Odovtos - International Journal of Dental Sciences · doi:10.15517/ijds.2024.60813 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
The role of dietary nitrate in regulation of blood pressure and metabolism
Sundqvist, M. L. (2020) · Figshare
Bakterien im Mund–Freund oder Feind?
Schlafer, S. (2019) · Oralprophylaxe & Kinderzahnheilkunde · doi:10.3238/opkzh.2019.0169-0174
ERGOGENIC AIDS IN COMPETITIVE HANDBALL PLAYERS: A NARRATIVE REVIEW
Muñoz, A., Sánchez-Oliver, A. J., Rivilla-García, J., López‐Samanes, Á., & Coso, J. D. (2022) · Journal of Sport and Health Research · doi:10.58727/jshr.92827
Effect of plant based diet on oral and dental health
İmren, E., & Güven, Y. (2023) · Yeditepe Dental Journal · doi:10.5505/yeditepe.2023.76768
Research Progress on the Relationship Between Periodontitis and Hypertension
Zheng, H., Li, S., & Guan, J. Z. (2023) · Journal of Innovations in Medical Research · doi:10.56397/jimr/2023.07.06
Gallardo, E. J., Zoughaib, W. S., Singhal, A., Hoffman, R. L., & Coggan, A. R. (2024) · medRxiv · doi:10.1101/2024.05.21.24307698
Gallardo, E. J., Zoughaib, W. S., Singhal, A., Hoffman, R. L., & Coggan, A. R. (2025) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0312961
Chuchmová, V., Brodíková, K., Zapletalová, M., Lindholm, M., & Krsek, M. (2026) · Frontiers in Oral Health · doi:10.3389/froh.2026.1887909
Buzatu, G.-D., Dodocioiu, A. M., Ciupeanu-Călugăru, E. D., Rădulescu, D., & Trasca, E.-T. (2026) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu18172841
The effect of antibacterial mouthwash on blood pressure in humans: a scoping review
Singh, B., North, P., Rushetsky, Z. M., Brito, R. C., & Jenney, F. E. (2026) · BMC Cardiovascular Disorders · doi:10.1186/s12872-026-06572-4
- Authors
- Ashworth, A., Clarke, C., Farnham, G., Liddle, L., Burleigh, M., Rodiles, A., Sillitti, C., Kiernan, M., Moore, M., Hickson, M., Easton, C., & Bescos, R.
- Affiliations
- University of Plymouth (GB)
- Bishop Grosseteste University (GB)
- University of the West of Scotland (GB)
- National Research Council (IT)
- Venue
- Free Radical Biology and Medicine
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2019-07
- Volume
- 138
- Pages
- 63-72
- ISSN
- 0891-5849 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2944126975
- Cited by
- 56
- References
- 61
- Citations by year
- 2026: 7 · 2025: 7 · 2024: 11 · 2023: 6 · 2022: 7 · 2021: 5 · 2020: 10 · 2019: 3
- FWCI
- 5.76
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- Licence
- Locations
- Free Radical Biology and Medicine (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- The UWS Academic Portal (University of the West of Scotland) (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- PEARL (University of Plymouth) (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- PEARL (University of Plymouth) (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc-sa)
- Funders
- Plymouth University
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Nutritional Studies and Diet
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology › Nitric Oxide and Endothelin Effects
- Health Sciences › Dentistry › Periodontics › Oral microbiology and periodontitis research
- Keywords
- inorganic nitrate, dietary nitrate intake, vegetarian diet, omnivorous diet, blood pressure, resting metabolic rate, oral microbiota, nitrite, nitric oxide, antibacterial mouthwash, salivary nitrate, plasma nitrate, nitrate supplementation, nitric oxide synthase inhibition
- MeSH terms
- Vegetarians, Adolescent, Adult, Basal Metabolism, Blood Pressure, Diet, Female, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Mouth, Mouthwashes, Nitrates, Nitric Oxide, Nitrites, Oxidation-Reduction, Saliva, Vegetables, Cross-Over Studies, Microbiota, Healthy Volunteers
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
