Role of Oral and Gut Microbiota in Dietary Nitrate Metabolism and Its Impact on Sports Performance
Open accessAbstract
Nitrate supplementation is an effective, evidence-based dietary strategy for enhancing sports performance. The effects of dietary nitrate seem to be mediated by the ability of oral bacteria to reduce nitrate to nitrite, thus increasing the levels of nitrite in circulation that may be further reduced to nitric oxide in the body. The gut microbiota has been recently implicated in sports performance by improving muscle function through the supply of certain metabolites. In this line, skeletal muscle can also serve as a reservoir of nitrate. Here we review the bacteria of the oral cavity involved in the reduction of nitrate to nitrite and the possible changes induced by nitrite and their effect on gastrointestinal balance and gut microbiota homeostasis. The potential role of gut bacteria in the reduction of nitrate to nitrite and as a supplier of the signaling molecule nitric oxide to the blood circulation and muscles has not been explored in any great detail.
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The magnitude of the blood-pressure-lowering response to dietary nitrate depends on baseline blood pressure and the composition of the oral microbiota.
“The magnitude of the response depends on baseline blood pressure and the composition of the oral microbiota, which is essential for nitrate reduction.”
From Dietary Nitrate-Rich Vegetables as Natural Modulators of Health: Mechanisms and Benefits in Ageing Populations (2026) · cites this paper as [158]
Section 2 explains that oral bacteria reduce nitrate to nitrite and that the abundance of nitrate-reducing bacteria contributes to nitric-oxide bioavailability, which is involved in blood-pressure regulation. The Introduction also links dietary nitrate to lower blood pressure. Neither passage establishes that the magnitude of the blood-pressure response depends on baseline blood pressure; searches for “baseline” and hypertensive versus normotensive responses did not find that point. Page numbers were not available in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.83)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe oral microbiota is essential for nitrate reduction.
“which is essential for nitrate reduction”
From Dietary Nitrate-Rich Vegetables as Natural Modulators of Health: Mechanisms and Benefits in Ageing Populations (2026) · cites this paper as [158]
Using antibacterial mouthwash can impair nitrate reduction and reduce the blood-pressure-lowering effects of dietary nitrate.
“Using antibacterial mouthwash can impair this process and reduce the blood-pressure-lowering effects of dietary nitrate [157,158].”
From Dietary Nitrate-Rich Vegetables as Natural Modulators of Health: Mechanisms and Benefits in Ageing Populations (2026) · cites this paper as [158]
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Additional file 3 of Salivary microbiome and hypertension in the Qatari population
Murugesan, S., & Khodor, S. A. (2024) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.26603107
Additional file 4 of Salivary microbiome and hypertension in the Qatari population
Murugesan, S., & Khodor, S. A. (2024) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.26603110
Additional file 2 of Salivary microbiome and hypertension in the Qatari population
Murugesan, S., & Khodor, S. A. (2024) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.26603104
Additional file 1 of Salivary microbiome and hypertension in the Qatari population
Murugesan, S., & Khodor, S. A. (2024) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.26603101
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- Authors
- González-Soltero, R., Bailén, M., de Lucas, B., Ramírez-Goercke, M. I., Pareja-Galeano, H., & Larrosa, M.
- Affiliations
- Universidad Europea de Madrid (ES)
- Faculty of Sports Sciences, Universidad Europea de Madrid, Villaviciosa de Odón, 28670 Madrid, Spain
- Corresponding author
- González-Soltero, Rocío
- ORCID
- Venue
- Nutrients
- Publisher
- MDPI AG
- Published
- 2020-11-24
- Volume
- 12
- Issue
- 12
- Pages
- 3611
- ISSN
- 2072-6643 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC7760746
- OpenAlex
- W3109734403
- Cited by
- 54
- References
- 78
- Citations by year
- 2026: 7 · 2025: 12 · 2024: 14 · 2023: 15 · 2022: 4 · 2021: 2
- FWCI
- 0.50
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Nutrients (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- ABACUS. Repositorio de Producción Científica (Universidad Europea) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- ABACUS. Repositorio de Producción Científica (Universidad Europea) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- LA Referencia (Red Federada de Repositorios Institucionales de Publicaciones Científicas) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- Universidad Europea de Madrid (2020/UEM03)
- Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness, Spain (AGL2016-77288-R)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Gut microbiota and health
- Health Sciences › Dentistry › Periodontics › Oral microbiology and periodontitis research
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology › Nitric Oxide and Endothelin Effects
- Keywords
- dietary nitrate, nitrate supplementation, oral microbiota, gut microbiota, nitrite, nitric oxide, athletic performance, nitrate reduction, gut microbiota homeostasis, muscle function
- MeSH terms
- Gastrointestinal Microbiome, Diet, Humans, Mouth, Nitrates, Dietary Supplements, Athletic Performance, Microbiota
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