Total concentrations and sources of heavy metal pollution in global river and lake water bodies from 1972 to 2017
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This study collected past sampling data on total concentrations of 12 heavy metals (Cd, Pb, Cr, Hg, Zn, Cu, Ni, Al, Fe, Mn, As, and Co) in surface water bodies, i.e., 168 rivers and 71 lakes, from 1972 to 2017. The intent was to investigate the levels and sources of heavy metal pollution across five decades and five continents. Mean heavy metal concentrations in global river and lake water, and the number of heavy metals with concentrations greater than the published threshold limits as per the standards of both the World Health Organization (WHO) and the United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) were generally lower in the 1970s and 1980s than in the 1990s, 2000s, and 2010s. Over time, heavy metal pollution in surface water has changed from single metal pollution to mixed metal pollution. Heavy metal concentrations in water, and the number of heavy metals with concentrations above the threshold limits for both WHO and USEPA standards were lower in the developed countries of Europe and North America, and higher in the developing countries of Africa, Asia, and South America. Over time, the main sources of metal pollution have changed from mining and manufacturing to rock weathering and waste discharge. The main metal sources differed across the five continents, with fertilizer and pesticide use, along with rock weathering, being dominant in Africa. Mining and manufacturing, along with rock weathering, were dominant in Asia and Europe. Mining and manufacturing, along with fertilizer and pesticide use, were dominant sources in North America, while four sources (mining and manufacturing, fertilizer and pesticide use, rock weathering, and waste discharge) were responsible for the majority of heavy metal pollution in the river and lake water bodies of South America. Additionally, implementing rigorous standards on metal emissions and recycling metals from wastewater are effective for controlling heavy metal source pollution.
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Water heavy metal concentrations above WHO and USEPA standards have been observed to be lower in industrialized nations such as Europe and North America, whereas they were higher in developing countries like Asia, Africa, and South America.
“Water heavy metal concentrations above the standards set by WHO and USEPA have been observed to be lower in industrialized nations such as Europe and North America, whereas they were higher in developing countries like Asia, Africa, and South America.164”
From Emerging nanotechnology approaches for sustainable water treatment and heavy metals removal: a comprehensive review (2025) · cites this paper as [164]
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Sorted by citations
Heavy Metal Water Pollution: A Fresh Look about Hazards, Novel and Conventional Remediation Methods
Zamora-Ledezma, C., Negrete-Bolagay, D., Figueroa, F., Zamora-Ledezma, E., Ni, M., Alexis, F., & Guerrero, V. H. (2021) · Environmental Technology & Innovation · doi:10.1016/j.eti.2021.101504 · Cited by 1,246 · see citing works
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“164 Water heavy metal concentrations above the standards set by WHO and USEPA have been observed to be lower in industrialized nations such as Europe and North America, whereas they were higher in developing countries like Asia, Africa, and South America.”
- Authors
- Zhou, Q., Yang, N., Li, Y., Ren, B., Ding, X., Bian, H., & Yao, X.
- Affiliations
- Hunan Agricultural University (CN)
- Hunan City University (CN)
- Corresponding author
- Yang, Nan
- Li, Youzhi
- Venue
- Global Ecology and Conservation
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2020-06
- Volume
- 22
- Pages
- e00925
- ISSN
- 2351-9894 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W3002924208
- Cited by
- 694
- References
- 139
- Citations by year
- 2026: 45 · 2025: 134 · 2024: 131 · 2023: 137 · 2022: 123 · 2021: 103 · 2020: 20
- FWCI
- 23.61
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Global Ecology and Conservation (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Funders
- Key Research and Development Program of Hunan Province (2019NK2011)
- Research Foundation of Education Bureau of Hunan Province, China (19A225)
- Ministry of Ecology and Environment, China (2019HJ2096001006)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Pollution › Heavy metals in environment
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Water Science and Technology › Water Quality and Pollution Assessment
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Water Science and Technology › Heavy Metal Pollution Remediation
- Keywords
- heavy metal contamination, river water quality, lake water quality, surface water contamination, pollution sources, rock weathering, fertilizer and pesticide use, waste discharge, developed and developing countries
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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