Environmental chemistry and ecotoxicology of hazardous heavy metals: environmental persistence, toxicity, and bioaccumulation
Open accessAbstract
Heavy metals are well-known environmental pollutants due to their toxicity, persistence in the environment, and bioaccumulative nature. Their natural sources include weathering of metal-bearing rocks and volcanic eruptions, while anthropogenic sources include mining and various industrial and agricultural activities. Mining and industrial processing for extraction of mineral resources and their subsequent applications for industrial, agricultural, and economic development has led to an increase in the mobilization of these elements in the environment and disturbance of their biogeochemical cycles. Contamination of aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems with toxic heavy metals is an environmental problem of public health concern. Being persistent pollutants, heavy metals accumulate in the environment and consequently contaminate the food chains. Accumulation of potentially toxic heavy metals in biota causes a potential health threat to their consumers including humans. This article comprehensively reviews the different aspects of heavy metals as hazardous materials with special focus on their environmental persistence, toxicity for living organisms, and bioaccumulative potential. The bioaccumulation of these elements and its implications for human health are discussed with a special coverage on fish, rice, and tobacco. The article will serve as a valuable educational resource for both undergraduate and graduate students and for researchers in environmental sciences. Environmentally relevant most hazardous heavy metals and metalloids include Cr, Ni, Cu, Zn, Cd, Pb, Hg, and As. The trophic transfer of these elements in aquatic and terrestrial food chains/webs has important implications for wildlife and human health. It is very important to assess and monitor the concentrations of potentially toxic heavy metals and metalloids in different environmental segments and in the resident biota. A comprehensive study of the environmental chemistry and ecotoxicology of hazardous heavy metals and metalloids shows that steps should be taken to minimize the impact of these elements on human health and the environment.
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Heavy metals are toxic and cause illnesses and diseases such as lung cancer and cancers of other respiratory organs, kidney and bladder, damage to the brain and reproductive organs, and heart and immune system disorders.
“Moreover, since they are toxic, they cause illnesses and diseases such as lung cancer and cancers of other respiratory organs, the kidney and bladder, damage to the brain and reproductive organs, and heart and immune system disorders (P.Ahmad et al., 2020;Ali et al., 2019;Bhat et al., 2021).”
From Adsorption of heavy metals on natural zeolites: A review (2023) · cites this paper as Ali et al., 2019
Section 14 describes heavy metals as toxic and carcinogenic, while Section 15 says Cd, Pb, and Hg are nephrotoxic. The copy does not substantiate the claimed cancers of specific organs or damage to the brain and reproductive organs, nor does it identify heart or immune-system disorders. No page numbers were provided for these passages. (LLM, conf=0.86)
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Zamora-Ledezma, C., Negrete-Bolagay, D., Figueroa, F., Zamora-Ledezma, E., Ni, M., Alexis, F., & Guerrero, V. H. (2021) · Environmental Technology & Innovation · doi:10.1016/j.eti.2021.101504 · Cited by 1,246 · see citing works
Technological trends in heavy metals removal from industrial wastewater: a review
Shrestha, R., Ban, S., Devkota, S., Sharma, S., Joshi, R., Tiwari, A. P., Kim, H. Y., & Joshi, M. K. (2021) · Journal of Environmental Chemical Engineering · doi:10.1016/j.jece.2021.105688 · Cited by 961 · see citing works
Zhou, Q., Yang, N., Li, Y., Ren, B., Ding, X., Bian, H., & Yao, X. (2020) · Global Ecology and Conservation · doi:10.1016/j.gecco.2020.e00925 · Cited by 694 · see citing works
Phytoremediation: A Multidisciplinary Approach to Clean up Heavy Metal Contaminated Soil
Shah, V., & Daverey, A. (2020) · Environmental Technology & Innovation · doi:10.1016/j.eti.2020.100774 · Cited by 515 · see citing works
Green and Sustainable Solvents of the Future: Deep Eutectic Solvents
Prabhune, A., & Dey, R. (2023) · Journal of Molecular Liquids · doi:10.1016/j.molliq.2023.121676 · Cited by 500 · see citing works
Adsorption of heavy metals on natural zeolites: A review
Velarde, L., Nabavi, M. S., Escalera, E., Antti, M.-L., & Akhtar, F. (2023) · Chemosphere · doi:10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.138508 · Cited by 491 · see citing works
“Moreover, since they are toxic, they cause illnesses and diseases such as lung cancer and cancers of other respiratory organs, the kidney and bladder, damage to the brain and reproductive organs, and heart and immune system disorders (P. Ahmad et al., 2020; Ali et al., 2019; Bhat et al., 2021).”
Martins, L. S., Guimarães, L. F., Botelho Junior, A. B., Tenório, J. A. S., & Espinosa, D. C. R. (2021) · Journal of Environmental Management · doi:10.1016/j.jenvman.2021.113091 · Cited by 361 · see citing works
Bioaccumulation of lead (Pb) and its effects in plants: A review
Collin, S., Baskar, A., Geevarghese, D. M., Ali, M. N. V. S., Bahubali, P., Choudhary, R., Lvov, V., Tovar, G. I., Senatov, F., Koppala, S., et al. (2022) · Journal of Hazardous Materials Letters · doi:10.1016/j.hazl.2022.100064 · Cited by 362 · see citing works
Oladoye, P. O., Olowe, O. M., & Asemoloye, M. D. (2022) · Chemosphere · doi:10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.132555 · Cited by 327 · see citing works
Priya, A. K., Muruganandam, M., Ali, S. S., & Kornaros, M. (2023) · Toxics · doi:10.3390/toxics11050422 · Cited by 281 · see citing works
Danouche, M., El Ghachtouli, N., & El Arroussi, H. (2021) · Heliyon · doi:10.1016/j.heliyon.2021.e07609 · Cited by 237 · see citing works
Analysis of Heavy Metal Impacts on Cereal Crop Growth and Development in Contaminated Soils
Vasilachi, I. C., Stoleru, V., & Gavrilescu, M. (2023) · Agriculture · doi:10.3390/agriculture13101983 · Cited by 210 · see citing works
Physiological and molecular mechanisms of metal accumulation in hyperaccumulator plants
Sytar, O., Ghosh, S., Malinska, H., Zivcak, M., & Brestic, M. (2020) · Physiologia Plantarum · doi:10.1111/ppl.13285 · Cited by 192 · see citing works
Ramesh, B., Saravanan, A., Senthil Kumar, P., Yaashikaa, P. R., Thamarai, P., Shaji, A., & Rangasamy, G. (2023) · Environmental Pollution · doi:10.1016/j.envpol.2023.121572 · Cited by 174 · see citing works
Senila, M., & Cadar, O. (2024) · Heliyon · doi:10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e25303 · Cited by 161 · see citing works
Surface-modified magnetic biochar: Highly efficient adsorbents for removal of Pb (ΙΙ) and Cd (ΙΙ)
Zahedifar, M., Seyedi, N., Shafiei, S., & Basij, M. (2021) · Materials Chemistry and Physics · doi:10.1016/j.matchemphys.2021.124860 · Cited by 97 · see citing works
Edgar, V.-N., Fabián, F.-L., Mario, P.-C. J., & Ileana, V.-R. (2021) · Applied Sciences · doi:10.3390/app11072982 · Cited by 91 · see citing works
Recent advances in physiological and molecular mechanisms of heavy metal accumulation in plants
Feki, K., Tounsi, S., Mrabet, M., Mhadhbi, H., & Brini, F. (2021) · Environmental Science and Pollution Research · doi:10.1007/s11356-021-16805-y · Cited by 83 · see citing works
Mafakheri, N., Shamsipur, M., & Babajani, N. (2024) · Microchemical Journal · doi:10.1016/j.microc.2024.110010 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
Alishah Aratboni, H., Rafiei, N., Mehdizadeh Allaf, M., Abedini, S., Naseema Rasheed, R., Seif, A., Barati, B., Wang, S., & Morones-Ramírez, J. R. (2023) · Algal Research · doi:10.1016/j.algal.2023.103019 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
Kaushal, J., Mahajan, P., & Kaur, N. (2021) · Environmental Science and Pollution Research · doi:10.1007/s11356-021-16672-7 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
A Simple and Rapid Algal Assay Kit to Assess Toxicity of Heavy Metal-Contaminated Water
Eom, H., Park, M., Jang, A., Kim, S., & Oh, S.-E. (2021) · Environmental Pollution · doi:10.1016/j.envpol.2020.116135 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Kim, H., Lee, S. Y., Choi, J.-W., & Jung, K.-W. (2023) · Chemosphere · doi:10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.138269 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
De Bernardi, A., Casucci, C., Businelli, D., D’Amato, R., Beone, G. M., Fontanella, M. C., & Vischetti, C. (2020) · Plants · doi:10.3390/plants9050580 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Sangeetha, S. P., Sona, S., Tapung, N., Kumar, A., & Kumar, S. (2025) · Nature Environment and Pollution Technology · doi:10.46488/nept.2024.v24is1.019 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
- Authors
- Ali, H., Khan, E., & Ilahi, I.
- Affiliations
- University of Malakand (PK)
- Corresponding author
- Ali, Hazrat
- Khan, Ezzat
- Venue
- Journal of Chemistry
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2019-03-05
- Volume
- 2019
- Pages
- 1-14
- ISSN
- 2090-9063 (ISSN-L)
- 2090-9071
- OpenAlex
- W2919629449
- Cited by
- 3,238
- References
- 103
- Citations by year
- 2026: 323 · 2025: 520 · 2024: 559 · 2023: 569 · 2022: 554 · 2021: 456 · 2020: 222 · 2019: 28 · 2014: 1
- FWCI
- 135.19
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Locations
- Journal of Chemistry (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Greater South Information System
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis › Environmental Toxicology and Ecotoxicology
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Pollution › Heavy metals in environment
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis › Heavy Metal Exposure and Toxicity
- Keywords
- heavy metals, metalloids, ecotoxicology, environmental persistence, bioaccumulation, trophic transfer, food chain, human health risk, aquatic ecosystems, terrestrial ecosystems, mining pollution, industrial pollution, cadmium, lead, mercury, arsenic, chromium, nickel, copper, zinc, rice, fish, tobacco, biogeochemical cycles
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
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