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Gut microbiota, inflammation and colorectal cancer
Open accessAbstract
Although genes contribute to colorectal cancer, the gut microbiota are an important player. Accumulating evidence suggests that chronic infection and the ensuing inflammation contributes to tumor initiation and tumor progression. A variety of bacterial species and tumor-promoting virulence mechanisms have been investigated. Significant advances have been made in understanding the composition and functional capabilities of the gut microbiota and its roles in cancer. In the current review, we discuss the novel roles of microbiota in the progression of colon cancer. Although microbiota technically include organisms other than bacteria e.g., viruses and fungi, this review will primarily focus on bacteria. We summarize epidemiological studies of human microbiome and colon cancer. We discuss the progress in the scientific understanding of the interplay between the gut microbiota, barrier function, and host responses in experimental models. Further, we discuss the potential application in prevention, diagnosis, and therapy of colon cancer by targeting microbiota. We discuss the challenges lie ahead and the future direction in studying gut microbiome in colon cancer to close the gap between the basic sciences and clinical application.
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“Strategies to detect specific bacteria or bacterial DNA sequences might be used in screening for early-stage colorectal adenomas or carcinomas.60, 61”
From Influence of the Gut Microbiome, Diet, and Environment on Risk of Colorectal Cancer (2020) · cites this paper as [60]
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“The gut microbiome contains over 100 trillion microbes that play crucial roles in host health, and the maintenance of gut homeostasis is largely dependent on the symbiotic interactions between microbes and the digestive tract [17], while an imbalance in the gut microbiome can promote the secretion of bacterial toxins…”
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“Globally CRC ranks third with respect to both genders in US and exists as second leading cause of deaths by cancer.(1,2) Treatment for CRC can be either single sense modality or combination of two or more treatments: like surgery, chemotherapy, radiation therapy, and immunotherapy.”
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Can intestinal microbiota be associated with non-intestinal cancers?
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“In addition to genetic factors, environmental factors such as obesity, lifestyle, chronic diseases of the colon, drugs, and smoking are associated with the development of CRC [2-4].”
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Intratumor microbiota and colorectal cancer: Comprehensive and lucid review
Zong, Z., Zeng, W., Li, Y., Wang, M., Cao, Y., Cheng, X., Jin, Z., Mao, S., & Zhu, X. (2024) · Chinese Journal of Cancer Research · doi:10.21147/j.issn.1000-9604.2024.06.07 · Cited by 8
Guo, C., Kumar, A., & Liao, C. (2025) · Journal of Biochemical and Molecular Toxicology · doi:10.1002/jbt.70123 · Cited by 9
Does colorectal cancer significantly influence the assembly of gut microbial communities?
Dai, L., Kou, H., Yao, X. Y., Wen, X., Gao, J., & Ma, Z. S. (2017) · PeerJ · doi:10.7717/peerj.3383 · Cited by 8
“…accumulating evidences from Dai et al. (2017), PeerJ, DOI 10.7717/peerj.3383 2/14 existing studies suggest that not only the individual microbial species, but also the gut microbiota, particularly its metabolome, contribute to the etiology of CRC (Louis, Hold & Flint, 2014; Sun & Kato, 2016).”
BackgroundMethodResultInfluentialOral Microbiome: Potential Link to Systemic Diseases and Oral Cancer
Vasquez, A. A., Ram, J. L., Qazazi, M. S., Sun, J., & Kato, I. (2018) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4939-7534-1_9 · Cited by 10
Understanding the role of gut microbiota in the pathogenesis of schizophrenia
Ghorbani, M., Rajandas, H., Parimannan, S., Joseph, G. B. S., Tew, M. M., Ramly, S. S., Rasat, M. A. M., & Lee, S. Y. (2020) · Psychiatric Genetics · doi:10.1097/ypg.0000000000000270 · Cited by 8
“Altered gut microbiota, also known as dysbiosis, has been shown to lead to the development of a spectrum of diseases ranging from abdominal disorders like inflammatory bowel disease, irritable bowel syndrome, and colorectal cancer (Sun and Kato, 2016), to other systemic diseases such as malnutrition, obesity, metaboli…”
BackgroundImpact of data compositionality on the detection of microbiota responses
Hickman, B., & Korpela, K. (2025) · Gut Microbes · doi:10.1080/19490976.2025.2590841 · Cited by 8
“A mean of 12.5 was chosen as the total abundance of bacteria in the gut is on average 12.5 logs (per ml of feces) 12,13 .”
InfluentialNexus of Whey Proteins, Gut Dysbiosis, and Colonic Health
Ashaolu, T. J., Lee, C., Tarhan, Ö., Rashidinejad, A., & Jafari, S. M. (2026) · Food Science & Nutrition · doi:10.1002/fsn3.71487 · Cited by 8
“Dysbiosis is thought to promote chronic inflammation in the colon and rectum, modifying the metabolic paths and generating carcinogenic metabolites (Sun and Kato 2016).”
Alamdary, S. Z., Halimi, S., Rezaei, A., & Afifirad, R. (2023) · Canadian Journal of Infectious Diseases and Medical Microbiology · doi:10.1155/2023/3571184 · Cited by 8
Liu, Y., Zhang, J., Chen, H., Zhang, W., Ainiwaer, A., Mao, S., Yao, X., Xu, T., & Yang, Y. (2024) · Frontiers in Cellular and Infection Microbiology · doi:10.3389/fcimb.2023.1302870 · Cited by 7
The Potential Prebiotic Effects of Yacon (Smallanthus sonchifolius) in Colorectal Cancer
Verediano, T. A., Viana, M. L., Tostes, M. D. G. V., & Costa, N. M. B. (2020) · Current Nutrition & Food Science · doi:10.2174/1573401316999200605160433 · Cited by 9
Characterizing the cancer-associated microbiome with small RNA sequencing data
Lee, W.-H., Chen, K.-P., Wang, K., Huang, H., & Juan, H. (2019) · Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications · doi:10.1016/j.bbrc.2019.11.166 · Cited by 7
Role of Gut Microbiota in Human Health and Diseases
Narayanan, A., Latika, A., Nair, A. S., Ajeesh, P., Kumar, N. S., & Babu, M. (2020) · Current Nutrition & Food Science · doi:10.2174/1573401316999200930130101 · Cited by 7
Taco-Masias, A. A., Fernandez-Aristi, A. R., Cornejo‐Tapia, A., Aguilar-Luis, M. Á., del Valle, L. J., Silva-Caso, W. G., Zavaleta-Gavidia, V., Weilg, P., Cornejo-Pacherres, H., Bazán-Mayra, J. E., et al. (2020) · PeerJ · doi:10.7717/peerj.9964 · Cited by 7
Microbiome in Colonic Carcinogenesis
Sun, J., & Xia, Y. (2023) · Comprehensive physiology · doi:10.1002/cphy.c210052 · Cited by 10
“For further information on the roles of oral microbiome and CRC, please refer to the supportive information (52, 93, 197, 205).”
InfluentialGiri, S., Takada, A., Paudel, D., Uehara, O., Kurashige, Y., Kuramitsu, Y., Furukawa, M., Matsushita, K., Arakawa, T., Nagasawa, T., et al. (2024) · Journal of Oral Biosciences · doi:10.1016/j.job.2024.01.012 · Cited by 6
Su, S., Bu, Q., Bai, X., Huang, Y., Wang, F., Hong, J., Fang, J., Wu, S., & Sheng, C. (2023) · Bioorganic Chemistry · doi:10.1016/j.bioorg.2023.106586 · Cited by 6
Detection of multi-dimensional co-exclusion patterns in microbial communities
Albayrak, L., Khanipov, K., Golovko, G., & Fofanov, Y. (2018) · Bioinformatics · doi:10.1093/bioinformatics/bty414 · Cited by 6
Metabolically-targeted dCas9 expression in bacteria
Pellegrino, G. M., Browne, T. S., Sharath, K., Bari, K. A., Vancuren, S. J., Allen‐Vercoe, E., Gloor, G. B., & Edgell, D. R. (2023) · Nucleic Acids Research · doi:10.1093/nar/gkac1248 · Cited by 6
Bonomo, C., Bonacci, P. G., Bivona, D. A., Mirabile, A., Bongiorno, D., Nicitra, E., Marıno, A., Bonaccorso, C., Consiglio, G. A., Fortuna, C. G., et al. (2023) · Antibiotics · doi:10.3390/antibiotics12081308 · Cited by 6
Nouri, R., Hasani, A., Shirazi, K. M., Sefiadn, F. Y., Mazraeh, F. N., Sattarpour, S., & Rezaee, M. A. (2024) · Diagnostic Microbiology and Infectious Disease · doi:10.1016/j.diagmicrobio.2024.116229 · Cited by 6
Interplay of Liver Disease and Gut Microbiota in the Development of Colorectal Neoplasia
Gleeson, M. W. (2019) · Current Treatment Options in Gastroenterology · doi:10.1007/s11938-019-00241-6 · Cited by 6
Drugs and gut microbiome interactions—an emerging field of tailored medicine
Khan, I. (2023) · BMC Pharmacology and Toxicology · doi:10.1186/s40360-023-00684-9 · Cited by 6
“Any dysbiosis in the microbial composition could put the host at risks of developing diseases like obesity, inflammatory bowel disease, diabetes, rheumatoid arthritis, and cancer [1–4].”
BackgroundLee, Y.-J., Kim, J. H., Kim, T. Y., Park, H. H., Kim, M. E., Park, S., Sin, S.-I., Chung, J. H., & Park, K. (2025) · Food Research International · doi:10.1016/j.foodres.2025.116894 · Cited by 5
Yuk, J., Yang, S., Yoon, S., Kim, M., Seo, Y. S., Lee, Y., Kim, J., Yang, K., Gwak, G., & Cho, H. (2023) · BMC Women s Health · doi:10.1186/s12905-023-02642-3 · Cited by 5
“Many studies show that gut microbiota dysbiosis may cause bowel inflammation, irritable bowel syndrome and colorectal cancer, as well as diabetes, mastitis and polycystic ovarian syndrome [60].”
BackgroundBa, N., & Öztürk, M. (2018) · Food Biotechnology · doi:10.1080/08905436.2018.1443822 · Cited by 4
“On the other hand, the secondary bile acids produced by the bacterial enzymatic deconjugation and dehydroxylation of the primary bile acids in the intestines can accumulate in the enterohepatic circulation to reach high levels and may well take part in the onset of colon cancer, cholesterol gallstones, and some other…”
BackgroundChang, Y., Li, X., Ding, L., Yang, C., Pan, Z., Han, N., Cui, Y., Zhi, F., Yang, R., Gao, H., et al. (2021) · Engineering · doi:10.1016/j.eng.2021.03.028 · Cited by 4
Demir, A. B. (2023) · Current Molecular Biology Reports · doi:10.1007/s40610-023-00153-6 · Cited by 4
“Chronic inflammatory status in the gut due to diet and microbiota population has been shown to trigger cancer formation, specifically colorectal cancer [71, 85–87].”
BackgroundTranslational safety biomarkers of colonic barrier integrity in the rat
Erkens, T., Bueters, R., van Heerden, M., Cuyckens, F., Vreeken, R. J., Goeminne, N., & Lammens, L. (2018) · Journal of Applied Toxicology · doi:10.1002/jat.3639 · Cited by 4
“…such as inflammatory bowel disease (ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease), colorectal cancer, celiac disease and irritable bowel syndrome (Camilleri et al., 2012; Nalle & Turner, 2015; Pastorelli, De Salvo, Mercado, Vecchi, & Pizarro, 2013; Sun & Kato, 2016; Tlaskalová‐Hogenová et al., 2011).”
Kumavath, R. N. (2018) · InTech eBooks · doi:10.5772/intechopen.68370 · Cited by 4
The close interrelation between colorectal cancer, infection and microbiota
Massaut, E., Hendlisz, B., & Klastersky, J. A. (2019) · Current Opinion in Oncology · doi:10.1097/cco.0000000000000543 · Cited by 4
“Some of these issues have been recently discussed [33].”
BackgroundAbril, A. G., Lanzi, P. G., & Notario, V. (2019) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-21862-1_16 · Cited by 4
Shen, Y., Gao, Y., Yang, G., Zhao, Z., Zhao, Y., Gao, L., & Li, S. (2025) · Frontiers in Pharmacology · doi:10.3389/fphar.2024.1496346 · Cited by 3
Metadata
- Authors
- Sun, J., & Kato, I.
- Affiliations
- University of Illinois Chicago (US)
- Wayne State University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Sun, Jun
- ORCID
- Venue
- Genes & Diseases
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2016-06
- Volume
- 3
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 130-143
- ISSN
- 2352-3042 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC5221561
- OpenAlex
- W2338446464
- Cited by
- 257
- References
- 170
- Citations by year
- 2026: 14 · 2025: 19 · 2024: 25 · 2023: 27 · 2022: 34 · 2021: 29 · 2020: 39 · 2019: 29 · 2018: 27 · 2017: 14
- FWCI
- 12.06
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Genes & Diseases (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (R01 DK105118)
- Cancer Center, University of Illinois at Chicago
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Gut microbiota and health
- Health Sciences › Dentistry › Periodontics › Oral microbiology and periodontitis research
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Infectious Diseases › Clostridium difficile and Clostridium perfringens research
- Keywords
- gut microbiota, colorectal cancer, inflammation, tumor progression, chronic infection, bacterial virulence factors, host-microbe interactions, intestinal barrier function, cancer prevention, cancer diagnosis
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