The DOI matches its Crossref record; 86 of the 93 references it cites were found in a registry or an index; none of the 98 sources its claims cite is checked for support yet.
Behavioral Intervention Technologies: Evidence review and recommendations for future research in mental health
Open accessAbstract
OBJECTIVE: A technical expert panel convened by the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality and the National Institute of Mental Health was charged with reviewing the state of research on behavioral intervention technologies (BITs) in mental health and identifying the top research priorities. BITs refers to behavioral and psychological interventions that use information and communication technology features to address behavioral and mental health outcomes. METHOD: This study on the findings of the technical expert panel. RESULTS: Videoconferencing and standard telephone technologies to deliver psychotherapy have been well validated. Web-based interventions have shown efficacy across a broad range of mental health outcomes. Social media such as online support groups have produced disappointing outcomes when used alone. Mobile technologies have received limited attention for mental health outcomes. Virtual reality has shown good efficacy for anxiety and pediatric disorders. Serious gaming has received little work in mental health. CONCLUSION: Research focused on understanding reach, adherence, barriers and cost is recommended. Improvements in the collection, storage, analysis and visualization of big data will be required. New theoretical models and evaluation strategies will be required. Finally, for BITs to have a public health impact, research on implementation and application to prevention is required.
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Claims the paper makes
67 Not checked yet · 52 Own interpretation · 18 No basis given
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Adherence to web-based interventions has been widely acknowledged to be a problem (25, 28) and should constitute a standard outcome measure and a focus of new research.”
§ Behavioral Intervention Technologies: Evidence review and recommendations for future research > What has been done in BITs research? > Web-based intervention
- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“While the potential for web-based interventions to be effective has been established, little is known about how to optimize their design and implementation.”
§ Behavioral Intervention Technologies: Evidence review and recommendations for future research > What has been done in BITs research? > Web-based intervention
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Personalization and tailoring, which have received some attention in web-based interventions outside of mental health (26, 27), remain largely unexamined in mental health.”
§ Behavioral Intervention Technologies: Evidence review and recommendations for future research > What has been done in BITs research? > Web-based intervention
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Outcomes of coach or therapist-supported internet treatments are moderate to large for depression, and have found to be equivalent to face-to-face group intervention for some anxiety disorders (16, 17).”
§ Behavioral Intervention Technologies: Evidence review and recommendations for future research > What has been done in BITs research? > Web-based intervention
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“While the potential for web-based interventions to be effective has been established, little is known about how to optimize their design and implementation.”
§ Behavioral Intervention Technologies: Evidence review and recommendations for future research > What has been done in BITs research? > Web-based intervention
boosted- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Evidence is emerging that psychotherapy delivered by videoconferencing and telephone may be equivalent in efficacy to face-to-face delivered treatment.”
§ Behavioral Intervention Technologies: Evidence review and recommendations for future research > What has been done in BITs research? > BITs to extend therapist reach: Providing psychotherapy via videoconferencing, telephone, and instant messaging
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: unclear — It is unclear why the paper says it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“A large number of studies found that the telephone is an effective medium for delivering psychological care (8–10)”
§ Behavioral Intervention Technologies: Evidence review and recommendations for future research > What has been done in BITs research? > BITs to extend therapist reach: Providing psychotherapy via videoconferencing, telephone, and instant messaging
What the sources say
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Mobile phone interventions have also been used to enhance adherence to psychotropic medications (42) and prevent depression in adolescents (44).”
§ Behavioral Intervention Technologies: Evidence review and recommendations for future research > What has been done in BITs research? > Mobile technologies
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [42]
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“A large number of studies found that the telephone is an effective medium for delivering psychological care (8–10), and is as efficacious as face-to-face treatment, and can reduce dropout (9, 11, 83).”
§ Behavioral Intervention Technologies: Evidence review and recommendations for future research > What has been done in BITs research? > BITs to extend therapist reach: Providing psychotherapy via videoconferencing, telephone, and instant messaging
What the sources say
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“However, within this growing number of studies, the range of outcomes can vary from virtually no effect to effect sizes that are similar to face-to-face interventions.”
§ Behavioral Intervention Technologies: Evidence review and recommendations for future research > What has been done in BITs research? > Web-based intervention
What the sources say
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- It may state two separate claims as one. 32
- The quote only partly states this claim. 2
- Probably not a substantial claim. 41
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“There is no evidence that these delivery media increase risk, as emergent mental health situations for outpatients are often managed at a distance, even in the context of traditional services.”
§ Behavioral Intervention Technologies: Evidence review and recommendations for future research > What has been done in BITs research? > BITs to extend therapist reach: Providing psychotherapy via videoconferencing, telephone, and instant messaging
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one. The quote only partly states this claim.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“In general, human support via periodic phone or e-mail contact improves adherence and outcomes when using internet-based treatments, although this may vary depending on the patient population, disorder, or the quality, usability, and utility of the program.”
§ Behavioral Intervention Technologies: Evidence review and recommendations for future research > What has been done in BITs research? > Web-based intervention
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Attrition and non-adherence can also range widely, from extremely high (>95% for standalone depression sites), modest (many anxiety sites), to minimal (insomnia), depending on the disorder and how participants were sampled or screened.”
§ Behavioral Intervention Technologies: Evidence review and recommendations for future research > What has been done in BITs research? > Web-based intervention
What the sources say
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Standalone interventions have produced a wide range of outcomes, from small or nonsignificant (e.g. many depression sites, substance abuse) to moderate (some anxiety disorders) to fairly large (insomnia) (14, 15, 18, 25).”
§ Behavioral Intervention Technologies: Evidence review and recommendations for future research > What has been done in BITs research? > Web-based intervention
What the sources say
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“These studies have generally found that videoconferencing is effective and acceptable to patients (7).”
§ Behavioral Intervention Technologies: Evidence review and recommendations for future research > What has been done in BITs research? > BITs to extend therapist reach: Providing psychotherapy via videoconferencing, telephone, and instant messaging
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [7] source
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Trials of mobile BITs have found some positive short-term benefits for anxiety disorders (39), eating disorders (40), bipolar disorder (41), and schizophrenia (42), although others have not been effective at treating depression (43).”
§ Behavioral Intervention Technologies: Evidence review and recommendations for future research > What has been done in BITs research? > Mobile technologies
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [43] source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The quote only partly states this claim.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“The efficacy of web-based intervention has been demonstrated by a large number of trials for a number of mental health problems, including depression, anxiety disorders, alcohol and substance abuse, and insomnia (14–18).”
§ Behavioral Intervention Technologies: Evidence review and recommendations for future research > What has been done in BITs research? > Web-based intervention
What the sources say
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Psychotherapy has also been provided effectively and with reasonable effect sizes via instant messaging (12).”
§ Behavioral Intervention Technologies: Evidence review and recommendations for future research > What has been done in BITs research? > BITs to extend therapist reach: Providing psychotherapy via videoconferencing, telephone, and instant messaging
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [12] source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Games have been examined as treatments for attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, autism spectrum disorders, and reduction of aggression in children and for improving behavioral outcomes related to medical issues such as diabetes and cancer. Much of this work remains in early stages (61).”
§ Behavioral Intervention Technologies: Evidence review and recommendations for future research > What has been done in BITs research? > Gaming
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [61] source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Virtual reality has shown good efficacy for anxiety and pediatric disorders.”
§ Behavioral Intervention Technologies: Evidence review and recommendations for future research > Abstract
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: unclear — It is unclear why the paper says it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The use of ISGs has not been rigorously investigated.”
§ Behavioral Intervention Technologies: Evidence review and recommendations for future research > What has been done in BITs research? > Social media (discussion groups, social networking)
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Despite the proliferation of evidence-based psychotherapies for numerous mental disorders, the delivery of those treatments to those who require them is a perennial challenge, given the shortage and uneven geographic distribution of trained providers (3).”
§ Behavioral Intervention Technologies: Evidence review and recommendations for future research > What has been done in BITs research? > BITs to extend therapist reach: Providing psychotherapy via videoconferencing, telephone, and instant messaging
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [3] source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Most games have been developed for children and adolescents and few trials have evaluated the efficacy of these games for mental health outcomes.”
§ Behavioral Intervention Technologies: Evidence review and recommendations for future research > What has been done in BITs research? > Gaming
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Videoconferencing eliminates immediate presence and some cues, the telephone eliminates visual cues, instant messaging eliminates voice quality, and email eliminates synchronous communication.”
§ Behavioral Intervention Technologies: Evidence review and recommendations for future research > What has been done in BITs research? > BITs to extend therapist reach: Providing psychotherapy via videoconferencing, telephone, and instant messaging
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Gaming may provide teaching methods that are more engaging.”
§ Behavioral Intervention Technologies: Evidence review and recommendations for future research > Why are BITs a research priority?
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The use of conversational agents is just beginning and still requires initial developmental work and evaluation.”
§ Behavioral Intervention Technologies: Evidence review and recommendations for future research > What has been done in BITs research? > Simulated places and people: Virtual reality and conversational agents
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Serious gaming has received relatively little work in mental health.”
§ Behavioral Intervention Technologies: Evidence review and recommendations for future research > Abstract
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Virtual reality creates simulated environments that afford a high degree of control in engineering the provision of therapeutic experiences.”
§ Behavioral Intervention Technologies: Evidence review and recommendations for future research > Why are BITs a research priority?
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“Even in urban areas, 75% of primary care patients with depression can identify one or more structural or psychological barriers that substantially interfere with or prevent access to behavioral treatment; these rates are far higher in rural areas (2).”
§ Behavioral Intervention Technologies: Evidence review and recommendations for future research > Why are BITs a research priority?
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [2] source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“One disadvantage of web-based interventions, however, is their status as “pull” technologies that rely on the patient’s initiative to access the intervention.”
§ Behavioral Intervention Technologies: Evidence review and recommendations for future research > What has been done in BITs research? > Web-based intervention
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“These resources require professionals to conduct the psychotherapy but overcome access barriers such as limited transportation, medical disabilities, or absence of available local services.”
§ Behavioral Intervention Technologies: Evidence review and recommendations for future research > What has been done in BITs research? > BITs to extend therapist reach: Providing psychotherapy via videoconferencing, telephone, and instant messaging
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“For example, webbased interventions have used number of logins, time on site, and number of modules completed to name a few.”
§ Behavioral Intervention Technologies: Evidence review and recommendations for future research > What work is needed? > Adherence and Engagement
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“The advantage to this second approach is that the models are automatically generated and personalized to each individual patient.”
§ Behavioral Intervention Technologies: Evidence review and recommendations for future research > What has been done in BITs research? > Mobile technologies
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [49]
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Games for mental health that embody therapeutic principles have been developed but lack formal evaluations of their efficacy.”
§ Behavioral Intervention Technologies: Evidence review and recommendations for future research > What has been done in BITs research? > Gaming
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“However, findings of unmoderated support groups have tended to show either no benefits relative to control arms (32, 33) or some worsening of symptoms (34, 35).”
§ Behavioral Intervention Technologies: Evidence review and recommendations for future research > What has been done in BITs research? > Social media (discussion groups, social networking)
What the sources say
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Videoconferencing eliminates immediate presence and some cues, the telephone eliminates visual cues, instant messaging eliminates voice quality, and email eliminates synchronous communication.”
§ Behavioral Intervention Technologies: Evidence review and recommendations for future research > What has been done in BITs research? > BITs to extend therapist reach: Providing psychotherapy via videoconferencing, telephone, and instant messaging
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Thus, many developers include features that “push” information to the user, such as automated email reminders to encourage patients to return to the website.”
§ Behavioral Intervention Technologies: Evidence review and recommendations for future research > What has been done in BITs research? > Web-based intervention
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Videoconferencing eliminates immediate presence and some cues, the telephone eliminates visual cues, instant messaging eliminates voice quality, and email eliminates synchronous communication.”
§ Behavioral Intervention Technologies: Evidence review and recommendations for future research > What has been done in BITs research? > BITs to extend therapist reach: Providing psychotherapy via videoconferencing, telephone, and instant messaging
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“A growing number of studies have examined videoconferencing used to extend specialized care to remote clinics, while newer studies are evaluating the use of videoconferencing with patients in their own homes.”
§ Behavioral Intervention Technologies: Evidence review and recommendations for future research > What has been done in BITs research? > BITs to extend therapist reach: Providing psychotherapy via videoconferencing, telephone, and instant messaging
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“This game increased adherence to prescribed oral chemotherapy medication and enhanced psychological resilience such as cancer self-efficacy.”
§ Behavioral Intervention Technologies: Evidence review and recommendations for future research > What has been done in BITs research? > Gaming
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [62]
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“These interventions generally maintain the standard structure of psychotherapy, but the delivery media reduce the “band-width” of information communicated between the therapist and patient (4, 5).”
§ Behavioral Intervention Technologies: Evidence review and recommendations for future research > What has been done in BITs research? > BITs to extend therapist reach: Providing psychotherapy via videoconferencing, telephone, and instant messaging
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [4] source
- Not checked yetcites [5]
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Investigations indicate that gaming may do more than just teach people what to do; the interactivity aspect of playing games might enhance the uptake of interventions.”
§ Behavioral Intervention Technologies: Evidence review and recommendations for future research > What has been done in BITs research? > Gaming
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“BITs offer the potential to overcome many of those barriers to access, although the objective evidence for this is still largely unavailable (see Clarke et al., this issue).”
§ Behavioral Intervention Technologies: Evidence review and recommendations for future research > Why are BITs a research priority?
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Clarke et al., this issue
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“A recent shift is the creation of entertaining games with nonentertainment related goals (such as promoting mental health) encompassed by the serious gaming movement.”
§ Behavioral Intervention Technologies: Evidence review and recommendations for future research > What has been done in BITs research? > Gaming
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Login rate may reflect self-titration of intervention use based on the patients recognition of their own need (68) while greater use of modules may produce a dose-related response, or may simply reflect user characteristics associated with improvement such as conscientiousness.”
§ Behavioral Intervention Technologies: Evidence review and recommendations for future research > What work is needed? > Adherence and Engagement
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“However, researchers have also acknowledged that BITs may create barriers.”
§ Behavioral Intervention Technologies: Evidence review and recommendations for future research > What work is needed? > Accessibility, Reach, Barriers and Cost
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Early BIT development often results in multiple features that may or may not contribute to efficacy.”
§ Behavioral Intervention Technologies: Evidence review and recommendations for future research > What work is needed? > Need for New Evaluation Models
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Harnessing big data to allow BITs systems to continuously learn from users has the potential to substantially improve the effectiveness of these interventions.”
§ Behavioral Intervention Technologies: Evidence review and recommendations for future research > What work is needed? > Big data
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“To enhance the design of BITs, theoretical models are necessary that can explain how users interact with the technologies, and how such interactions can lead to behavior change and improved clinical outcomes.”
§ Behavioral Intervention Technologies: Evidence review and recommendations for future research > What work is needed? > Theory
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Behavioral and psychological theory may continue to be relevant at the larger level of how behavioral, affective, environmental, and cognitive factors interact to effect improvements in mental health.”
§ Behavioral Intervention Technologies: Evidence review and recommendations for future research > What work is needed? > Theory
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“BIT research requires new models for development, optimization, and evaluation.”
§ Behavioral Intervention Technologies: Evidence review and recommendations for future research > What work is needed? > Need for New Evaluation Models
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Beyond integration into existing delivery systems, BITs provide promising avenues for creating new streams to deliver resources for the prevention of mental health problems.”
§ Behavioral Intervention Technologies: Evidence review and recommendations for future research > What work is needed? > BITs for Prevention
plainconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Some patients may stop using a BIT because they lose interest, but others may stop using because they have received the assistance they sought, because the BIT does not meet their needs, or a variety of other reasons.”
§ Behavioral Intervention Technologies: Evidence review and recommendations for future research > What work is needed? > Adherence and Engagement
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“However, these datasets, sometimes referred to as “big data,” create difficulties in data capture, storage, cleaning, analytics, visualization and sharing.”
§ Behavioral Intervention Technologies: Evidence review and recommendations for future research > What work is needed? > Big data
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Developing early BIT prototypes requires a clear understanding of how patients interact with BITs, that can guide the numerous decisions regarding the structure and interface of the technology.”
§ Behavioral Intervention Technologies: Evidence review and recommendations for future research > What work is needed? > Need for New Evaluation Models
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“As a new and evolving field, BITs research is encountering challenges that no single field or specialty can address alone.”
§ Behavioral Intervention Technologies: Evidence review and recommendations for future research > Conclusion
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Furthermore, the continuously evolving nature of technologies and the BITs that use those technologies will require strategies that can continuously evaluate efficacy as new versions and changes are introduced.”
§ Behavioral Intervention Technologies: Evidence review and recommendations for future research > What work is needed? > Need for New Evaluation Models
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“BITs can improve both the screening and early delivery of interventions to reduce risk factors and build psychological resources.”
§ Behavioral Intervention Technologies: Evidence review and recommendations for future research > What work is needed? > BITs for Prevention
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The literature on practice adoption of behavioral treatments in general is limited, and this is particularly true for BITs.”
§ Behavioral Intervention Technologies: Evidence review and recommendations for future research > What work is needed? > Integration into existing health and mental health delivery systems
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“These intervention areas are currently in widely varying stages of evaluation and maturity, requiring research that ranges from basic development and evaluation to implementation studies.”
§ Behavioral Intervention Technologies: Evidence review and recommendations for future research > Conclusion
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Integrating knowledge from this field into behavioral science could potentially help explain how people use and can benefit from BITs (78).”
§ Behavioral Intervention Technologies: Evidence review and recommendations for future research > What work is needed? > Theory
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [78] source
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“These strategies involve systematic problem analysis, design, and an iterative process of evaluation to ensure that the BIT is understandable, attractive, and usable for the targeted patient population.”
§ Behavioral Intervention Technologies: Evidence review and recommendations for future research > What work is needed? > Need for New Evaluation Models
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Because this emerging area of research lies at the intersection of behavioral science, engineering, and clinical science, existing developmental models from engineering can be borrowed and adapted.”
§ Behavioral Intervention Technologies: Evidence review and recommendations for future research > What work is needed? > Need for New Evaluation Models
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“BITs research will require integration of theoretical and research paradigms from many different disciplines, including behavioral and psychological sciences, engineering, computer science, human-computer interaction, communications, and design to name a few.”
§ Behavioral Intervention Technologies: Evidence review and recommendations for future research > Conclusion
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“If BITs are integrated into electronic medical records and patient portals, then referrals, treatment monitoring, appropriate follow-up, and fuller integration into the patient’s overall treatment are more likely to occur”
§ Behavioral Intervention Technologies: Evidence review and recommendations for future research > What work is needed? > Integration into existing health and mental health delivery systems
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“For example, advances in computational approaches for measuring affect through video data can support the creation of wearable technologies to improve recognition of affective cues.”
§ Behavioral Intervention Technologies: Evidence review and recommendations for future research > What work is needed? > BITs for Prevention
plainconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“For example, user centered design (79) and usability testing (80) are common methods used in product development.”
§ Behavioral Intervention Technologies: Evidence review and recommendations for future research > What work is needed? > Need for New Evaluation Models
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [79]
- Not checked yetcites [80]
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“While such strategies have yielded benefits, the field is also encountering the limitations of these paradigms.”
§ Behavioral Intervention Technologies: Evidence review and recommendations for future research > What work is needed? > Theory
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“One possible example is control systems engineering, which operationalize inputs, decision rules, and outputs.”
§ Behavioral Intervention Technologies: Evidence review and recommendations for future research > What work is needed? > Theory
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“These data offer the opportunity to improve the quality of interventions and develop deeper tailoring and personalization.”
§ Behavioral Intervention Technologies: Evidence review and recommendations for future research > What work is needed? > Big data
plainconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“BITs can only begin to reach their public health potential if they are integrated into existing healthcare delivery systems.”
§ Behavioral Intervention Technologies: Evidence review and recommendations for future research > What work is needed? > Integration into existing health and mental health delivery systems
plainconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
In the paper
“This could improve social interactions as quality social relationships are an important protective factor against mental disorders (76).”
§ Behavioral Intervention Technologies: Evidence review and recommendations for future research > What work is needed? > BITs for Prevention
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [76] source
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“However, a growing number of investigators have recognized that current theoretical models are inadequate to inform the development of BITs that can increasingly interact dynamically and adaptively with users (77).”
§ Behavioral Intervention Technologies: Evidence review and recommendations for future research > What work is needed? > Theory
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [77] source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Much of the development of BITs to date has either attempted to adapt accepted intervention paradigms such as cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) through new media, such as web-based CBT, or has adopted new technologies such as SMS to engage patients based on common sense approaches.”
§ Behavioral Intervention Technologies: Evidence review and recommendations for future research > What work is needed? > Theory
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: unclear — It is unclear why the paper says it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The properties of usability and attractiveness, while necessary for engagement, are not necessarily sufficient for efficacy.”
§ Behavioral Intervention Technologies: Evidence review and recommendations for future research > What work is needed? > Need for New Evaluation Models
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper relies on this without support.
Companies have started creating and selling BITs for many mental health conditions.
“Industry has begun developing and marketing BITs for a wide variety of mental health problems.”
The paper relies on this without support.
These products often reach the market with little or no evidence about whether they work or are useful.
“These are frequently brought to market with little or no evaluation of their efficacy or utility.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Sensors in passive data collection gather information that can be used to infer a patient's state.
“In passive data collection, sensors automatically collect data that can help to infer the patient state.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The cost of immersive 3-D systems has been a barrier to widespread implementation.
“However, the cost of immersive 3-D systems has been a barrier to widespread implementation.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Many BITs, such as web-based interventions and some virtual reality interventions, have high dropout and low utilization rates.
“Many BITs, such as web-based interventions and in some instances virtual reality interventions, have high dropout and low utilization rates.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Greater adherence and engagement is often associated with better outcomes.
“as there is evidence that greater adherence and engagement is often associated with better outcomes”
The paper relies on this without support.
Many patients may be uncomfortable with, or unable to use or access, the technologies employed by BITs.
“For example, many patients may be uncomfortable with, or unable to use or access, the technologies employed by the interventions.”
The paper relies on this without support.
BITs may increase costs by delaying traditional treatments with greater evidence of efficacy or by increasing the numbers of patients receiving services.
“It is also possible that BITs may increase costs by delaying the provision of traditional treatments with greater evidence of efficacy, or by increasing the numbers of patients receiving services.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Traditional intervention evaluation models typically require years and can be costly.
“Traditional intervention evaluation models typically require years and can be costly.”
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“With the widespread, everyday use of smartphones, these emerging digital tools could function as efficient, widely available mental health resources for orthopedic clinicians to offer their patients [16,20-22].”
From A Digital Mental Health Intervention in an Orthopedic Setting for Patients With Symptoms of Depression and/or Anxiety: Feasibility Prospective Cohort Study (2022) · cites this paper as [20]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
Citations
Cites
Data Mining: Practical Machine Learning Tools and Techniques
Witten, I. H., Frank, E., & Hall, M. A. (2011) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/c2009-0-19715-5 · Cited by 25,543
Stress, Coping, and Social Support Processes: Where Are We? What Next?
Thoits, P. A. (1995) · Journal of Health and Social Behavior · doi:10.2307/2626957 · Cited by 3,496 · cited 1×
“This could improve social interactions, which are an important protective factor against mental disorders [76].”
Emotional design: why we love (or hate) everyday things
(2004) · Choice Reviews Online · doi:10.5860/choice.41-6846 · Cited by 3,086 · cited 1×
“For example, user-centered design [79] and usability testing [80] are common methods used in product development.”
Reality is Broken Why Games Make Us Better and How They Can Change the World
(2012) · Choice Reviews Online · doi:10.5860/choice.49-6095 · Cited by 2,933 · cited 1×
“) [24,69]; adding human support and adherence promotion via phone, e-mail or other media [4]; using incentives [70,71] and making resources more engaging through gaming elements [72].”
Eysenbach, G. (2005) · Journal of Medical Internet Research · doi:10.2196/jmir.7.1.e11 · Cited by 2,524 · cited 1×
“Adherence to Web-based interventions has been widely acknowledged to be a problem [25,28] and should constitute a standard outcomemeasure and a focus of new research.”
A survey of mobile phone sensing
Lane, N., Miluzzo, E., Lu, H., Peebles, D., Choudhury, T., & Campbell, A. (2010) · IEEE Communications Magazine · doi:10.1109/mcom.2010.5560598 · Cited by 2,292 · cited 1×
“work around patients' reluctance to log information [46].”
Fowler, J. H., & Christakis, N. A. (2008) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.a2338 · Cited by 1,990
Heron, K. E., & Smyth, J. M. (2010) · British Journal of Health Psychology · doi:10.1348/135910709x466063 · Cited by 1,438 · cited 2×
“Given that this literature is limited and of variable quality, it is premature to make any definitive conclusions regarding the efficacy of mobile BITs [39].”
Internet-Based and Other Computerized Psychological Treatments for Adult Depression: A Meta-Analysis
Andersson, G., & Cuijpers, P. (2009) · Cognitive Behaviour Therapy · doi:10.1080/16506070903318960 · Cited by 1,368
Adherence in Internet Interventions for Anxiety and Depression
Christensen, H., Griffiths, K. M., & Farrer, L. (2009) · Journal of Medical Internet Research · doi:10.2196/jmir.1194 · Cited by 1,133 · cited 3×
“Adherence to Web-based interventions has been widely acknowledged to be a problem [25,28] and should constitute a standard outcomemeasure and a focus of new research.”
Research works printed but not linked: 2
- Burns MN, Mohr DC. eHealth, Telehealth, and Telemedicine, in Encyclopedia of Behavioral Medicine. In: Gellman MD, Turner JR, Editors. New York: In Press, Springer.
- Miluzzo, E., et al. Research in the App Store Era: Experiences from the CenceMe App Deployment on the iPhone. in Proceedings of The First International Workshop Research in the Large: Using App Stores, Markets, and other Wide Distribution Channels in UbiComp Research. 2010. Copenhagen, Denmark.: ACM
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Nahum-Shani, I., Smith, S. N., Spring, B. J., Collins, L. M., Witkiewitz, K., Tewari, A., & Murphy, S. A. (2018) · Annals of Behavioral Medicine · doi:10.1007/s12160-016-9830-8 · Cited by 2,171
“needed to address these states in a timely manner [66, 67].”
BackgroundOtte, C., Gold, S. M., Penninx, B. W., Pariante, C. M., Etkin, A., Fava, M., Mohr, D. C., & Schatzberg, A. F. (2016) · Nature Reviews Disease Primers · doi:10.1038/nrdp.2016.65 · Cited by 2,269
Self-citationEvaluating barriers to adopting telemedicine worldwide: A systematic review
Scott Kruse, C., Karem, P., Shifflett, K., Vegi, L., Ravi, K., & Brooks, M. (2018) · Journal of Telemedicine and Telecare · doi:10.1177/1357633x16674087 · Cited by 1,735
“Author(s) Barriers Country of origin Molfenter et al.9 Cost, reimbursement, technology-challenged staff, implementation models, confidentiality USA Petersen and DeMuro10 Privacy, legal, and technically challenged staff USA Kontos et al.11 Age, socioeconomic status, gender, level of education USA Levine et al.12 Info o…”
BackgroundInfluentialBorghouts, J., Eikey, E., Mark, G., De Leon, C., Schueller, S. M., Schneider, M., Stadnick, N., Zheng, K., Mukamel, D., & Sorkin, D. H. (2021) · Journal of Medical Internet Research · doi:10.2196/24387 · Cited by 1,069
“DMHIs can be delivered via smartphone apps, internet websites, wearable devices, virtual reality, or video games [5] and range from self-guided DMHIs to those integrated with human support or traditional therapy [6].”
BackgroundSelf-citationMohr, D. C., Schueller, S. M., Montague, E., Burns, M. N., & Rashidi, P. (2014) · Journal of Medical Internet Research · doi:10.2196/jmir.3077 · Cited by 510
“We use the term BITs to refer to behavioral and psychological interventions that use a broad range of technologies, such as mobile phones, the Web, and sensors, aimed at changing behaviors and cognitions related to health, mental health, and wellness [2].”
MethodSelf-citation
Metadata
- Authors
- Mohr, D. C., Burns, M. N., Schueller, S. M., Clarke, G., & Klinkman, M.
- Affiliations
- Northwestern University (US)
- Kaiser Permanente Center for Health Research (US)
- University of Michigan (US)
- Corresponding author
- Mohr, David C.
- Venue
- General Hospital Psychiatry
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2013-07
- Volume
- 35
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 332-338
- ISSN
- 0163-8343 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC3719158
- OpenAlex
- W2000217803
- Semantic Scholar
- 210c8e2b63163486e8adcb2e6aa43fe1fa3894d8
- Cited by
- 693
- References
- 93
- Citations by year
- 2026: 35 · 2025: 60 · 2024: 48 · 2023: 56 · 2022: 48 · 2021: 64 · 2020: 65 · 2019: 60 · 2018: 49 · 2017: 68 · 2016: 65 · 2015: 37 · 2014: 31 · 2013: 5
- FWCI
- 5.62
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- General Hospital Psychiatry (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health (UL1TR000150)
- National Institute of Mental Health (P20MH090318, R01MH059708)
- National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Applied Psychology › Digital Mental Health Interventions
- Health Sciences › Health Professions › General Health Professions › Mobile Health and mHealth Applications
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Telemedicine and Telehealth Implementation
- Keywords
- mental health, telemedicine, videoconferencing, online intervention, online support groups, social media, virtual reality, serious games, anxiety, childhood diseases, research priorities, implementation, mental health prevention, big data
- MeSH terms
- Mental Disorders, Health Services Accessibility, Humans, National Institute of Mental Health (U.S.), Patient Compliance, Psychiatry, Psychotherapy, Self-Help Groups, United States, United States Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality, Treatment Outcome, Telemedicine, Social Networking, Social Media, Virtual Reality Exposure Therapy
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
A language model drew the claims from the paper on 2026-09-28, under version 3 of the claim definition (prompt extract-v3).
A second model labelled each claim on 2026-09-28 (model jev-1.13-20260917, definition revision gold-guideline-v0.2).
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
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