The DOI matches its Crossref record; 20 of the 20 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Seepage: Climate change denial and its effect on the scientific community
Open accessAbstract
Vested interests and political agents have long opposed political or regulatory action in response to climate change by appealing to scientific uncertainty. Here we examine the effect of such contrarian talking points on the scientific community itself. We show that although scientists are trained in dealing with uncertainty, there are several psychological reasons why scientists may nevertheless be susceptible to uncertainty-based argumentation, even when scientists recognize those arguments as false and are actively rebutting them. Specifically, we show that prolonged stereotype threat, pluralistic ignorance, and a form of projection (the third-person effect) may cause scientists to take positions that they would be less likely to take in the absence of outspoken public opposition. We illustrate the consequences of seepage from public debate into the scientific process with a case study involving the interpretation of temperature trends from the last 15 years. We offer ways in which the scientific community can detect and avoid such inadvertent seepage.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
Stereotype threat and the intellectual test performance of African Americans.
Steele, C. M., & Aronson, J. (1995) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.69.5.797 · Cited by 9,020
“Risk, Ambiguity, and the Savage Axioms.”
Ellsberg, D. (1961) · The Quarterly Journal of Economics · doi:10.2307/1884324 · Cited by 7,891
Status quo bias in decision making
Samuelson, W., & Zeckhauser, R. (1988) · Journal of Risk and Uncertainty · doi:10.1007/bf00055564 · Cited by 5,897
Gieryn, T. F. (1983) · American Sociological Review · doi:10.2307/2095325 · Cited by 4,838
The “false consensus effect”: An egocentric bias in social perception and attribution processes
Ross, L., Greene, D., & House, P. (1977) · Journal of Experimental Social Psychology · doi:10.1016/0022-1031(77)90049-x · Cited by 3,139
The Scientific Consensus on Climate Change
Oreskes, N. (2004) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1103618 · Cited by 1,814
A widening gap: republican and democratic views on climate change.
Dunlap, R. E., & McCright, A. M. (2008) · Environment: Science and Policy for Sustainable Development · doi:10.3200/envt.50.5.26-35 · Cited by 780
Reducing the Gender Achievement Gap in College Science: A Classroom Study of Values Affirmation
Miyake, A., Kost-Smith, L. E., Finkelstein, N. D., Pollock, S. J., Cohen, G. L., & Ito, T. A. (2010) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1195996 · Cited by 746
Coverage bias in the HadCRUT4 temperature series and its impact on recent temperature trends
Cowtan, K., & Way, R. G. (2014) · Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society · doi:10.1002/qj.2297 · Cited by 645
Status-quo and omission biases
Ritov, I., & Baron, J. (1992) · Journal of Risk and Uncertainty · doi:10.1007/bf00208786 · Cited by 613
Cited by
Beyond misinformation: Understanding and coping with the “post-truth” era.
Lewandowsky, S., Ecker, U. K. H., & Cook, J. (2017) · Journal of Applied Research in Memory and Cognition · doi:10.1016/j.jarmac.2017.07.008 · Cited by 1,985
Self-citationScience audiences, misinformation, and fake news
Scheufele, D. A., & Krause, N. M. (2019) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1805871115 · Cited by 878
Personal experience and the ‘psychological distance’ of climate change: An integrative review
McDonald, R. I., Chai, H. Y., & Newell, B. R. (2015) · Journal of Environmental Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jenvp.2015.10.003 · Cited by 655
Self-citationRelationships among conspiratorial beliefs, conservatism and climate scepticism across nations
Hornsey, M. J., Harris, E. A., & Fielding, K. S. (2018) · Nature Climate Change · doi:10.1038/s41558-018-0157-2 · Cited by 501
Reconciling controversies about the ‘global warming hiatus’
Medhaug, I., Stolpe, M. B., Fischer, E. M., & Knutti, R. (2017) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature22315 · Cited by 455
Metadata
- Authors
- Lewandowsky, S., Oreskes, N., Risbey, J. S., Newell, B. R., & Smithson, M.
- Venue
- Global Environmental Change
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2015-07
- Volume
- 33
- Pages
- 1-13
- ISSN
- 0959-3780 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2147487625
- Cited by
- 260
- References
- 20
- FWCI
- 111.84
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
How to cite
Cite CoChat for the checks on this page, and the paper for its own findings.
- This page
- CoChat. (2026). Citation check: Seepage: Climate change denial and its effect on the scientific community. https://app.cochat.ai/papers/10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2015.02.013
- The paper
- Lewandowsky, S., Oreskes, N., Risbey, J. S., Newell, B. R., & Smithson, M. (2015). Seepage: Climate change denial and its effect on the scientific community. Global Environmental Change. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2015.02.013
Data sources
Bibliographic data: Semantic Scholar, OpenAlex, Crossref.
Contains information from the Semantic Scholar Academic Graph Datasets, made available under the ODC Attribution License (ODC-BY 1.0).
Semantic Scholar’s data is described in: Kinney, R., et al. (2023). The Semantic Scholar Open Data Platform. arXiv:2301.10140.