Cochlear-implant spatial selectivity with monopolar, bipolar and tripolar stimulation

Zhu, Ziyan; Tang, Qing; Zeng, Fan-Gang; Guan, Tian; Ye, Datian

doi:10.1016/j.heares.2011.11.005

Cited by 116Hearing Loss and RehabilitationHearing, Cochlea, Tinnitus, GeneticsHearing Impairment and Communication

Cochlear-implant spatial selectivity with monopolar, bipolar and tripolar stimulation

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Zhu, Ziyan, Tang, Qing, Zeng, Fan-Gang, Guan, Tian, Ye, Datian·2012·Hearing Research

DOI 10.1016/j.heares.2011.11.005PMC PMC3277661

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Abstract

Sharp spatial selectivity is critical to auditory performance, particularly in pitch-related tasks. Most contemporary cochlear implants have employed monopolar stimulation that produces broad electric fields, which presumably contribute to poor pitch and pitch-related performance by implant users. Bipolar or tripolar stimulation can generate focused electric fields but requires higher current to reach threshold and, more interestingly, has not produced any apparent improvement in cochlear-implant performance. The present study addressed this dilemma by measuring psychophysical and physiological spatial selectivity with both broad and focused stimulations in the same cohort of subjects. Different current levels were adjusted by systematically measuring loudness growth for each stimulus, each stimulation mode, and in each subject. Both psychophysical and physiological measures showed that, although focused stimulation produced significantly sharper spatial tuning than monopolar stimulation, it could shift the tuning position or even split the tuning tips. The altered tuning with focused stimulation is interpreted as a result of poor electrode-to-neuron interface in the cochlea, and is suggested to be mainly responsible for the lack of consistent improvement in implant performance. A linear model could satisfactorily quantify the psychophysical and physiological data and derive the tuning width. Significant correlation was found between the individual physiological and psychophysical tuning widths, and the correlation was improved by log-linearly transforming the physiological data to predict the psychophysical data. Because the physiological measure took only one-tenth of the time of the psychophysical measure, the present model is of high clinical significance in terms of predicting and improving cochlear-implant performance.

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In cochlear stimulators, the electrode configuration has been studied to achieve current focusing using bipolar and tripolar structures compared to monopolar stimulation, while demanding a larger threshold for activation, which results in a higher energy requirement.
“In cochlear stimulators, the electrode configuration has been studied to achieve current focusing using bipolar and tripolar structures compared to monopolar stimulation, while demanding a larger threshold for activation, which results in a higher energy requirement [121].”
From Active Neural Interface Circuits and Systems for Selective Control of Peripheral Nerves: A Review (2024) · cites this paper as [121]
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Saoji, A. A., Litvak, L. M., & Hughes, M. L. (2009) · Ear and Hearing · doi:10.1097/aud.0b013e3181ab2b6f · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Electric field imaging of monopolar,bipolar and tripolar modes of electric stimuli in cochlear implant users
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The Impact of Auditory Spectral Resolution on Listening Effort Revealed by Pupil Dilation
Winn, M. B., Edwards, J., & Litovsky, R. Y. (2015) · Ear and Hearing · doi:10.1097/aud.0000000000000145 · Cited by 283 · see citing works
Celebrating the one millionth cochlear implant
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Speech Perception in Tones and Noise via Cochlear Implants Reveals Influence of Spectral Resolution on Temporal Processing
Oxenham, A. J., & Kreft, H. A. (2014) · Trends in Hearing · doi:10.1177/2331216514553783 · Cited by 135 · see citing works
Improving speech perception in noise with current focusing in cochlear implant users
Srinivasan, A. G., Padilla, M. A., Shannon, R. V., & Landsberger, D. M. (2013) · Hearing Research · doi:10.1016/j.heares.2013.02.004 · Cited by 126 · see citing works
Current focussing in cochlear implants: An analysis of neural recruitment in a computational model
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Near physiological spectral selectivity of cochlear optogenetics
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High-Density μLED-Based Optical Cochlear Implant With Improved Thermomechanical Behavior
Klein, E., Goßler, C., Paul, O., & Ruther, P. (2018) · Frontiers in Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnins.2018.00659 · Cited by 79 · see citing works
The pattern and degree of capsular fibrous sheaths surrounding cochlear electrode arrays
Ishai, R., Herrmann, B. S., Nadol, J. B., & Quesnel, A. M. (2017) · Hearing Research · doi:10.1016/j.heares.2017.02.012 · Cited by 79 · see citing works
Emerging approaches for restoration of hearing and vision
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Electrical stimulation for therapeutic approach
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Improved Auditory Nerve Survival with Nanoengineered Supraparticles for Neurotrophin Delivery into the Deafened Cochlea
Wise, A. K., Tan, J., Wang, Y., Caruso, F., & Shepherd, R. K. (2016) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0164867 · Cited by 61 · see citing works
Implantable neurotechnologies: electrical stimulation and applications
Nag, S., & Thakor, N. V. (2016) · Medical & Biological Engineering & Computing · doi:10.1007/s11517-015-1442-0 · Cited by 55 · see citing works
Relationships Among Peripheral and Central Electrophysiological Measures of Spatial and Spectral Selectivity and Speech Perception in Cochlear Implant Users
Scheperle, R. A., & Abbas, P. J. (2015) · Ear and Hearing · doi:10.1097/aud.0000000000000144 · Cited by 54 · see citing works
Recent Advances in Cochlear Implant Electrode Array Design Parameters
Ertaş, Y. N., Ozpolat, D., Karasu, S. N., & Ashammakhi, N. A. (2022) · Micromachines · doi:10.3390/mi13071081 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
Reduction in spread of excitation from current focusing at multiple cochlear locations in cochlear implant users
Padilla, M. A., & Landsberger, D. M. (2016) · Hearing Research · doi:10.1016/j.heares.2016.01.002 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
Use of Research Interfaces for Psychophysical Studies With Cochlear-Implant Users
Litovsky, R. Y., Goupell, M. J., Kan, A., & Landsberger, D. M. (2017) · Trends in Hearing · doi:10.1177/2331216517736464 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
Evaluation of focused multipolar stimulation for cochlear implants in long-term deafened cats
George, S. S., Wise, A. K., Fallon, J. B., & Shepherd, R. K. (2015) · Journal of Neural Engineering · doi:10.1088/1741-2560/12/3/036003 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
Comparisons Between Detection Threshold and Loudness Perception for Individual Cochlear Implant Channels
Bierer, J. A., & Nye, A. D. (2014) · Ear and Hearing · doi:10.1097/aud.0000000000000058 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
Place specificity of monopolar and tripolar stimuli in cochlear implants: The influence of residual masking
Fielden, C. A., Kluk, K., & McKay, C. M. (2013) · The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America · doi:10.1121/1.4803909 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
Investigating the use of a Gammatone filterbank for a cochlear implant coding strategy
Tabibi, S., Kegel, A., Lai, W. K., & Dillier, N. (2016) · Journal of Neuroscience Methods · doi:10.1016/j.jneumeth.2016.12.004 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
On the generalization of tones: A detailed exploration of non-speech auditory perception stimuli
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Spectral Resolution Development in Children With Normal Hearing and With Cochlear Implants: A Review of Behavioral Studies
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An Instrumented Cochlea Model for the Evaluation of Cochlear Implant Electrical Stimulus Spread
Jiang, C. H., Singhal, S., Landry, T., Roberts, I. V., de Rijk, S. R., Brochier, T., Goehring, T., Tam, Y. C., Carlyon, R. P., Malliaras, G. G., et al. (2021) · IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering · doi:10.1109/tbme.2021.3059302 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Polarity Sensitivity in Pediatric and Adult Cochlear Implant Listeners
Jahn, K. N., & Arenberg, J. G. (2019) · Trends in Hearing · doi:10.1177/2331216519862987 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Adding simultaneous stimulating channels to reduce power consumption in cochlear implants
Langner, F., Saoji, A. A., Büchner, A., & Nogueira, W. (2017) · Hearing Research · doi:10.1016/j.heares.2017.01.010 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Led-based optical cochlear implant on highly flexible triple layer polyimide substrates
Schwaerzle, M., Nehlich, J., Ayub, S., Paul, O., & Ruther, P. (2016) · IEEE International Conference on Micro Electro Mechanical Systems (MEMS) · doi:10.1109/memsys.2016.7421644 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Dynamic Current Focusing: A Novel Approach to Loudness Coding in Cochlear Implants
de Jong, M. A. M., Briaire, J. J., & Frijns, J. H. M. (2018) · Ear and Hearing · doi:10.1097/aud.0000000000000593 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
ECAP growth function to increasing pulse amplitude or pulse duration demonstrates large inter-animal variability that is reflected in auditory cortex of the guinea pig
Adenis, V., Gourévitch, B., Mamelle, E., Recugnat, M., Stahl, P., Gnansia, D., Nguyen, Y., & Edeline, J. (2018) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0201771 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Drug delivery to the inner ear
Wise, A. K., & Gillespie, L. N. (2012) · Journal of Neural Engineering · doi:10.1088/1741-2560/9/6/065002 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Procedural Factors That Affect Psychophysical Measures of Spatial Selectivity in Cochlear Implant Users
Cosentino, S., Deeks, J. M., & Carlyon, R. P. (2015) · Trends in Hearing · doi:10.1177/2331216515607067 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
The perception of complex pitch in cochlear implants: A comparison of monopolar and tripolar stimulation
Fielden, C. A., Kluk, K., Boyle, P. J., & McKay, C. M. (2015) · The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America · doi:10.1121/1.4931910 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Dynamic current focusing for loudness encoding in cochlear implants: a take-home trial
de Jong, M. A. M., Briaire, J. J., van der Woude, S. F. S., & Frijns, J. H. M. (2019) · International Journal of Audiology · doi:10.1080/14992027.2019.1601270 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Late electrically-evoked compound action potentials as markers for acute micro-lesions of spiral ganglion neurons
Konerding, W. S., Arenberg, J. G., Kral, A., & Baumhoff, P. (2020) · Hearing Research · doi:10.1016/j.heares.2020.108057 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Spatial Selectivity in Cochlear Implants: Effects of Asymmetric Waveforms and Development of a Single-Point Measure
Carlyon, R. P., Deeks, J. M., Undurraga, J. A., Macherey, O., & Wieringen, A. V. (2017) · Journal of the Association for Research in Otolaryngology · doi:10.1007/s10162-017-0625-9 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Facial nerve stimulation in the narrow bony cochlear nerve canal after cochlear implantation
Rah, Y. C., Yoon, Y., Chang, M. Y., Lee, J. Y., Suh, M., Lee, J. H., Oh, S. H., Chang, S. O., & Park, M. K. (2015) · The Laryngoscope · doi:10.1002/lary.25655 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Simulating the dual-peak excitation pattern produced by bipolar stimulation of a cochlear implant: Effects on speech intelligibility
Mesnildrey, Q., & Macherey, O. (2014) · Hearing Research · doi:10.1016/j.heares.2014.11.001 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Magnetic stimulation allows focal activation of the mouse cochlea
Lee, J.-I., Seist, R., McInturff, S., Lee, D. J., Brown, M. C., Stanković, K. M., & Fried, S. I. (2022) · eLife · doi:10.7554/elife.76682 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Design and optimization of auditory prostheses using the finite element method: a narrative review
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Objective Assessment of Spectral Ripple Discrimination in Cochlear Implant Listeners Using Cortical Evoked Responses to an Oddball Paradigm
Valdés, A. L., Laughlin, M. M., Viani, L. G., Walshe, P., Smith, J., Zeng, F., & Reilly, R. B. (2014) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0090044 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
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Thin-film micro-electrode stimulation of the cochlea in rats exposed to aminoglycoside induced hearing loss
Allitt, B. J., Harris, A. R., Morgan, S. J., Clark, G. M., & Paolini, A. G. (2015) · Hearing Research · doi:10.1016/j.heares.2015.10.003 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Towards a Complete In Silico Assessment of the Outcome of Cochlear Implantation Surgery
Mangado, N., Ceresa, M., Benav, H., Mistrík, P., Piella, G., & Ballester, M. Á. G. (2017) · Molecular Neurobiology · doi:10.1007/s12035-017-0731-z · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Effects of Degrees of Degeneration on the Electrical Excitation of Human Spiral Ganglion Neurons Based on a High-Resolution Computer Model
Croner, A., Heshmat, A., Schrott‐Fischer, A., Glueckert, R., Hemmert, W., & Bai, S. (2022) · Frontiers in Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnins.2022.914876 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
The Relationship Between Interaural Insertion-Depth Differences, Scalar Location, and Interaural Time-Difference Processing in Adult Bilateral Cochlear-Implant Listeners
Cleary, M., Bernstein, J. G. W., Stakhovskaya, O. A., Noble, J. H., Kolberg, E. R., Jensen, K. K., Hoa, M., Kim, H. J., & Goupell, M. J. (2022) · Trends in Hearing · doi:10.1177/23312165221129165 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Comparison of Multipole Stimulus Configurations With Respect to Loudness and Spread of Excitation
Vellinga, D., Briaire, J. J., van Meenen, D. M. P., & Frijns, J. H. M. (2017) · Ear and Hearing · doi:10.1097/aud.0000000000000416 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Auditory Detection Thresholds and Cochlear Resistivity Differ Between Pediatric Cochlear Implant Listeners With Enlarged Vestibular Aqueduct and Those With Connexin-26 Mutations
Jahn, K. N., Bergan, M. D., & Arenberg, J. G. (2020) · American Journal of Audiology · doi:10.1044/2019_aja-19-00054 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Apical Reference Stimulation: A Possible Solution to Facial Nerve Stimulation
van der Westhuizen, J., Hanekom, T., & Hanekom, J. J. (2021) · Ear and Hearing · doi:10.1097/aud.0000000000001170 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Active Neural Interface Circuits and Systems for Selective Control of Peripheral Nerves: A Review
Habibollahi, M., Jiang, D., Lancashire, H. T., & Demosthenous, A. (2024) · IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Circuits and Systems · doi:10.1109/tbcas.2024.3430038 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
“Electrode conﬁguration may be used to focus extracellular ﬁelds and improve stimulation selectivity and efﬁcacy [121], [122].”
Interpulse interval discrimination within and across channels: Comparison of monopolar and tripolar mode of stimulation
Fielden, C. A., Kluk, K., & McKay, C. M. (2014) · The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America · doi:10.1121/1.4869687 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Forward-Masked Frequency Selectivity Improvements in Simulated and Actual Cochlear Implant Users Using a Preprocessing Algorithm
Langner, F., & Jürgens, T. P. (2016) · Trends in Hearing · doi:10.1177/2331216516659632 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Model-based Vestibular Afferent Stimulation: Modular Workflow for Analyzing Stimulation Scenarios in Patient Specific and Statistical Vestibular Anatomy
Handler, M. S., Schier, P. P., Fritscher, K. D., Raudaschl, P., Chacko, L. J., Glueckert, R., Saba, R., Schubert, R., Baumgarten, D., & Baumgärtner, C. (2017) · Frontiers in Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnins.2017.00713 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Development and Characterization of a Micromagnetic Alternative to Cochlear Implant Electrode Arrays
Sarreal, R. R. S., Blake, D. T., & Bhatti, P. T. (2022) · IEEE Transactions on Neural Systems and Rehabilitation Engineering · doi:10.1109/tnsre.2022.3193342 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Neural Tissue Degeneration in Rosenthal’s Canal and Its Impact on Electrical Stimulation of the Auditory Nerve by Cochlear Implants: An Image-Based Modeling Study
Sriperumbudur, K. K., Appali, R., Gummer, A. W., & van Rienen, U. (2020) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms21228511 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Excitation Patterns of Standard and Steered Partial Tripolar Stimuli in Cochlear Implants
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Mechanism of peripheral nerve modulation and recent applications
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Speech Perception Outcomes with the Anatomy-Based Fitting Map among Experienced, Adult Cochlear Implant Users: A Longitudinal Study
Wangchuk, P., Umat, C., Chong, F. Y., Zaki, F. M., & Abdullah, A. B. (2024) · Audiology and Neurotology · doi:10.1159/000540965 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Electroceuticals for neural regenerative nanomedicine
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A computational model for multiobjective optimization of multipolar stimulation in cochlear implants: An enhanced focusing approach
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Effect of pulse phase duration on forward masking and spread of excitation in cochlear implant listeners
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An Active Microchannel Neural Interface for Implantable Electrical Stimulation and Recording
Habibollahi, M., Jiang, D., Lancashire, H. T., & Demosthenous, A. (2025) · IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Circuits and Systems · doi:10.1109/tbcas.2025.3533612 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
The perception of emotion and focus prosody with varying acoustic cues in cochlear implant simulations with varying filter slopes
van de Velde, D. J., Schiller, N. O., van Heuven, V. J., Levelt, C. C., van Ginkel, J. R., Beers, M., Briaire, J. J., & Frijns, J. H. M. (2017) · The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America · doi:10.1121/1.4982198 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Current distribution of distributed all-polar cochlear implant stimulation mode measured in-situ
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Effect of Tissue Heterogeneity on the Transmembrane Potential of Type-1 Spiral Ganglion Neurons: A Simulation Study
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Auditory brainstem stimulation with a conformable microfabricated array elicits responses with tonotopically organized components
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Anodic Polarity Minimizes Facial Nerve Stimulation as a Side Effect of Cochlear Implantation
Konerding, W. S., Baumhoff, P., & Kral, A. (2022) · Journal of the Association for Research in Otolaryngology · doi:10.1007/s10162-022-00878-8 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Evaluating Electrophysiological and Behavioral Measures of Neural Health in Cochlear Implant Users: A Computational Simulation Study
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Improving the stimulation selectivity in the human cochlea by strategic selection of the current return electrode
Cakmak, O., Pal, S., & Şahin, M. (2023) · Frontiers in Audiology and Otology · doi:10.3389/fauot.2023.1259852 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Asymmetric pulses delivered by a cochlear implant allow a reduction in evoked firing rate and in spatial activation in the guinea pig auditory cortex
Adenis, V., Partouche, E., Stahl, P., Gnansia, D., Huetz, C., & Edeline, J. (2024) · Hearing Research · doi:10.1016/j.heares.2024.109027 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Symmetric Electrode Spanning Narrows the Excitation Patterns of Partial Tripolar Stimuli in Cochlear Implants
Luo, X., & Wu, C.-C. (2016) · Journal of the Association for Research in Otolaryngology · doi:10.1007/s10162-016-0582-8 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Concepts in Neural Stimulation
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Tripolar Stimulation Improves Polyphonic Pitch Detection in Cochlear Implant Users
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A Neural Excitability Based Coding Strategy for Cochlear Implants
Lai, W. K., Dillier, N., & Killian, M. J. P. (2018) · Journal of Biomedical Science and Engineering · doi:10.4236/jbise.2018.117014 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Input–Output Functions in Human Heads Obtained With Cochlear Implant and Transcranial Electric Stimulation
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Recent Advances in Cochlear Implantation
Shawkey, E., Johns, J. D., Kocharyan, A. H., Corle, B., Woolf, E., Parks, A., & Briggs, S. E. (2025) · Journal of Otorhinolaryngology Hearing and Balance Medicine · doi:10.3390/ohbm6010009 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
RETRACTED: Nanocatalysts as fast and powerful medical intervention: Bridging cochlear implant therapies and advanced modelling using Hidden Markov Models (HMMs) for effective treatment of inner ear infections
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Retracted
Stability of sputtered iridium oxide neural microelectrodes under kilohertz frequency pulsed stimulation
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Pitch ranking, electrode discrimination, and physiological spread-of-excitation using Cochlear's dual-electrode mode
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Recovery from forward masking in cochlear implant listeners depends on stimulation mode, level, and electrode location
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The efficacy of fitting cochlear implants based on pitch perception
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The auditory nerve implant—concept and device description of a novel electrical auditory prosthesis
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Spectral loudness summation for electrical stimulation in cochlear implant users
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Effect of stimulation parameters on sequential current-steered stimuli in cochlear implants
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A deep learning framework for understanding cochlear implantsPreprint
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Towards a better understanding of the cochlear implant-auditory nerve interface : from intracochlear electrical recordings to psychophysics
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What Is the Benefit of Ramped Pulse Shapes for Activating Auditory Cortex Neurons? An Electrophysiological Study in an Animal Model of Cochlear Implant
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The Role of Electrophysiological Testing in Pediatric Cochlear Implantation
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Forward masking patterns by low and high-rate stimulation in cochlear implant users: Differences in masking effectiveness and spread of neural excitation
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The effect of current amplitude and multi-electrode stimulation on eSRT for auditory fitting in cochlear implants with pulse-width loudness coding
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Electrical equivalent circuit for analyzing the effect of signal shape on power distribution in cochlear implant electrodes and surrounding tissue
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Analyzing Voltage Transients Under Different Stimulation Configurations and Rates in Rat Cortex
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Pitch perception in musical chords for cochlear implant users
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Authors: Zhu, Z., Tang, Q., Zeng, F.-G., Guan, T., & Ye, D.
Affiliations: University of California, Irvine (US)
Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School (CN)
Corresponding author: Zhu, Ziyan
Zeng, Fan-Gang
Ye, Datian
ORCID: Zhu, Ziyan
Zeng, Fan-Gang
Guan, Tian
Venue: Hearing Research
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Published: 2012-01
Volume: 283
Issue: 1-2
Pages: 45-58
ISSN: 0378-5955 (ISSN-L)
DOI: 10.1016/j.heares.2011.11.005
PMC: PMC3277661
OpenAlex: W1973372355
Cited by: 115
References: 93
Citations by year: 2026: 5 · 2025: 12 · 2024: 7 · 2023: 6 · 2022: 11 · 2021: 5 · 2020: 8 · 2019: 10 · 2018: 8 · 2017: 13 · 2016: 9 · 2015: 10 · 2014: 7 · 2013: 3 · 2012: 1
FWCI: 1.79
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: green
europepmc.org
Licence: www.elsevier.com/tdm/userlicense/1.0/ (tdm)
www.elsevier.com/legal/tdmrep-license (tdm)
Locations: Hearing Research (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
Funders: National Natural Science Foundation of China (30800234, 60871083)
Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China
National Institutes of Health (P30-DC008369, RO1-DC008858)
Topics: Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Hearing Loss and Rehabilitation
Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Sensory Systems › Hearing, Cochlea, Tinnitus, Genetics
Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Hearing Impairment and Communication
Keywords: cochlear implants, spatial selectivity, monopolar stimulation, bipolar stimulation, electric field focusing, pitch perception, loudness growth
MeSH terms: Acoustic Stimulation, Aged, Cochlear Implants, Electric Stimulation, Female, Humans, Loudness Perception, Male, Middle Aged, Perceptual Masking, Pitch Perception, Prosthesis Design, Psychoacoustics, Correction of Hearing Impairment, Signal Processing, Computer-Assisted, Linear Models, Cochlear Implantation, Persons with Hearing Disabilities, Persons With Hearing Impairments

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Cochlear-implant spatial selectivity with monopolar, bipolar and tripolar stimulation

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