The DOI matches its Crossref record; 24 of the 27 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Lithium battery reusing and recycling: A circular economy insight
Open accessPublished version of a preprint
Abstract
Driven by the rapid uptake of battery electric vehicles, Li-ion power batteries are increasingly reused in stationary energy storage systems, and eventually recycled to recover all the valued components. Offering an updated global perspective, this study provides a circular economy insight on lithium-ion battery reuse and recycling.
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![Fig. 1 Amsterdam's “Johan Cruyff Arena” multipurpose stadium. [Photo courtesy of Eaton].](/paper-figures/28fb31381a6f46dfa4cc3c00706313b9/lithium-battery-reusing-and-recycling-a-circular-economy-insight-figure-1.jpg)
![Fig. 2 Racks with part of the 2.8MWh energy storage system at the “Johan Cruyff Arena”. [Photo courtesy of Eaton].](/paper-figures/403062c9d9d546bb8373fc026e668f02/lithium-battery-reusing-and-recycling-a-circular-economy-insight-figure-2.jpg)
![Fig. 3 Simplified pretreatment process of spent LIBs based on citric aicd/hydrogen peroxide oxidative leaching of Co and Li: (A) manual dismantling; (B) peeling off Al/Cu foils and recycling of Al and Cu (top); and circulatory leaching experiments under the optimized conditions using citric acid and H2O2 (bottom). [Reproduced with permission from Ref.21, Copyright American Chemical Society].](/paper-figures/fb6633e5f0864d848d60599e94a953e1/lithium-battery-reusing-and-recycling-a-circular-economy-insight-figure-3.jpg)
![Fig. 4 Flowsheet of the method for treating entire spent LiFePO4 batteries using aqueous sodium persulfate under neutral conditions for Li leaching. [Reproduced with permission from Ref.22, Copyright American Chemical Society].](/paper-figures/5eb55dd00ba54fcfabc55266e6436833/lithium-battery-reusing-and-recycling-a-circular-economy-insight-figure-4.jpg)
![Fig. 5 The automatic control system of GEM power battery precursor material production line. [Photo courtesy of GEM Co., kindly reproduced from gem.com.cn].](/paper-figures/a1ea47b3042148e18ab7eb85deb6facf/lithium-battery-reusing-and-recycling-a-circular-economy-insight-figure-5.jpg)
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“Furthermore, seven of the components (cobalt, lithium, copper, graphite, nickel, aluminum, and manganese) have been reported to comprise >90% of the economic value of a spent lithium-ion battery: Co (39%) and Li (16%, as LCE equivalent) followed by Cu (12%), graphite (10%), Ni (9%), Al (5%), and Mn(2%) [56].”
From Lithium Supply Chain Optimization: A Global Analysis of Critical Minerals for Batteries (2024) · cites this paper as [56]
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Cites
Ageing mechanisms in lithium-ion batteries
Vetter, J., Novák, P., Wagner, M. R., Veit, C., Möller, K.-C., Besenhard, J. O., Winter, M., Wohlfahrt-Mehrens, M., Vogler, C., & Hammouche, A. (2005) · Journal of Power Sources · doi:10.1016/j.jpowsour.2005.01.006 · Cited by 3,987
Materials for lithium-ion battery safety
Liu, K., Liu, Y., Lin, D., Pei, A., & Cui, Y. (2018) · Science Advances · doi:10.1126/sciadv.aas9820 · Cited by 1,677
Comparative Environmental Life Cycle Assessment of Conventional and Electric Vehicles
Hawkins, T. R., Singh, B., Majeau‐Bettez, G., & Strømman, A. H. (2013) · Journal of Industrial Ecology · doi:10.1111/j.1530-9290.2012.00532.x · Cited by 1,670
A Critical Review and Analysis on the Recycling of Spent Lithium-Ion Batteries
Lv, W., Wang, Z.-H., Cao, H., Sun, Y., Zhang, Y., & Sun, Z. H. I. (2017) · ACS Sustainable Chemistry & Engineering · doi:10.1021/acssuschemeng.7b03811 · Cited by 1,196
Li, L., Fan, E., Guan, Y., Zhang, X., Xue, Q. Z., Wei, L., Wu, F., & Chen, R. (2017) · ACS Sustainable Chemistry & Engineering · doi:10.1021/acssuschemeng.7b00571 · Cited by 486
Lithium-ion battery aging mechanisms and life model under different charging stresses
Gao, Y., Jiang, J., Zhang, C., Zhang, W., Ma, Z., & Jiang, Y. (2017) · Journal of Power Sources · doi:10.1016/j.jpowsour.2017.04.084 · Cited by 398
Zhang, J., Hu, J., Liu, Y., Jing, Q., Yang, C., Chen, Y., & Wang, C. (2019) · ACS Sustainable Chemistry & Engineering · doi:10.1021/acssuschemeng.9b00404 · Cited by 364
Quantifying EV battery end-of-life through analysis of travel needs with vehicle powertrain models
Saxena, S., Le Floch, C., MacDonald, J., & Moura, S. (2015) · Journal of Power Sources · doi:10.1016/j.jpowsour.2015.01.072 · Cited by 363
Sustainable Recovery of Metals from Spent Lithium-Ion Batteries: A Green Process
Chen, X., Luo, C., Zhang, J., Kong, J., & Zhou, T. (2015) · ACS Sustainable Chemistry & Engineering · doi:10.1021/acssuschemeng.5b01000 · Cited by 349
Citric acid: emerging applications of key biotechnology industrial product
Ciriminna, R., Meneguzzo, F., Delisi, R., & Pagliaro, M. (2017) · Chemistry Central Journal · doi:10.1186/s13065-017-0251-y · Cited by 311
Self-citation
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Pyrometallurgical options for recycling spent lithium-ion batteries: A comprehensive review
Makuza, B., Tian, Q., Guo, X., Chattopadhyay, K., & Yu, D. (2021) · Journal of Power Sources · doi:10.1016/j.jpowsour.2021.229622 · Cited by 1,059
A Critical Review of Lithium-Ion Battery Recycling Processes from a Circular Economy Perspective
Velázquez-Martínez, O., Valio, J., Santasalo-Aarnio, A., Reuter, M. A., & Serna-Guerrero, R. (2019) · Batteries · doi:10.3390/batteries5040068 · Cited by 664
The Materials Science behind Sustainable Metals and Alloys
Raabe, D. (2023) · Chemical Reviews · doi:10.1021/acs.chemrev.2c00799 · Cited by 596
Tabelin, C. B., Dallas, J., Casanova, S., Pelech, T., Bournival, G., Saydam, S., & Canbulat, I. (2021) · Minerals Engineering · doi:10.1016/j.mineng.2020.106743 · Cited by 533
A review on second-life of Li-ion batteries: prospects, challenges, and issues
Shahjalal, M., Roy, P. K., Shams, T., Fly, A., Chowdhury, J. I., Ahmed, M. R., & Liu, K. (2021) · Energy · doi:10.1016/j.energy.2021.122881 · Cited by 520
Metadata
- Authors
- Pagliaro, M., & Meneguzzo, F.
- Affiliations
- Institute of Nanostructured Materials (IT)
- Istituto di Biometeorologia (IT)
- Corresponding author
- Pagliaro, Mario
- Venue
- Heliyon
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2019-06
- Volume
- 5
- Issue
- 6
- Pages
- e01866
- ISSN
- 2405-8440 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC6582158
- OpenAlex
- W2951116083
- Cited by
- 321
- References
- 27
- Citations by year
- 2026: 30 · 2025: 31 · 2024: 49 · 2023: 50 · 2022: 70 · 2021: 52 · 2020: 35 · 2019: 4
- FWCI
- 3.59
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Heliyon (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- Preprints.org (acceptedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Funders
- National Natural Science Foundation of China
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Materials Science › Metals and Alloys › Extraction and Separation Processes
- Social Sciences › Business, Management and Accounting › Strategy and Management › Sustainable Supply Chain Management
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Automotive Engineering › Battery Modeling and Management
- Keywords
- lithium-ion batteries, battery reuse, battery recycling, circular economy, battery electric vehicles, stationary energy storage, valuable component recovery
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