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Lithium battery reusing and recycling: A circular economy insight
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Abstract
Driven by the rapid uptake of battery electric vehicles, Li-ion power batteries are increasingly reused in stationary energy storage systems, and eventually recycled to recover all the valued components. Offering an updated global perspective, this study provides a circular economy insight on lithium-ion battery reuse and recycling.
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![Fig. 1 Amsterdam's “Johan Cruyff Arena” multipurpose stadium. [Photo courtesy of Eaton].](/paper-figures/28fb31381a6f46dfa4cc3c00706313b9/lithium-battery-reusing-and-recycling-a-circular-economy-insight-figure-1.jpg)
![Fig. 2 Racks with part of the 2.8MWh energy storage system at the “Johan Cruyff Arena”. [Photo courtesy of Eaton].](/paper-figures/403062c9d9d546bb8373fc026e668f02/lithium-battery-reusing-and-recycling-a-circular-economy-insight-figure-2.jpg)
![Fig. 3 Simplified pretreatment process of spent LIBs based on citric aicd/hydrogen peroxide oxidative leaching of Co and Li: (A) manual dismantling; (B) peeling off Al/Cu foils and recycling of Al and Cu (top); and circulatory leaching experiments under the optimized conditions using citric acid and H2O2 (bottom). [Reproduced with permission from Ref.21, Copyright American Chemical Society].](/paper-figures/fb6633e5f0864d848d60599e94a953e1/lithium-battery-reusing-and-recycling-a-circular-economy-insight-figure-3.jpg)
![Fig. 4 Flowsheet of the method for treating entire spent LiFePO4 batteries using aqueous sodium persulfate under neutral conditions for Li leaching. [Reproduced with permission from Ref.22, Copyright American Chemical Society].](/paper-figures/5eb55dd00ba54fcfabc55266e6436833/lithium-battery-reusing-and-recycling-a-circular-economy-insight-figure-4.jpg)
![Fig. 5 The automatic control system of GEM power battery precursor material production line. [Photo courtesy of GEM Co., kindly reproduced from gem.com.cn].](/paper-figures/a1ea47b3042148e18ab7eb85deb6facf/lithium-battery-reusing-and-recycling-a-circular-economy-insight-figure-5.jpg)
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“Furthermore, seven of the components (cobalt, lithium, copper, graphite, nickel, aluminum, and manganese) have been reported to comprise >90% of the economic value of a spent lithium-ion battery: Co (39%) and Li (16%, as LCE equivalent) followed by Cu (12%), graphite (10%), Ni (9%), Al (5%), and Mn(2%) [56].”
From Lithium Supply Chain Optimization: A Global Analysis of Critical Minerals for Batteries (2024) · cites this paper as [56]
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Metadata
- Authors
- Pagliaro, M., & Meneguzzo, F.
- Affiliations
- Institute of Nanostructured Materials (IT)
- Istituto di Biometeorologia (IT)
- Corresponding author
- Pagliaro, Mario
- Venue
- Heliyon
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2019-06
- Volume
- 5
- Issue
- 6
- Pages
- e01866
- ISSN
- 2405-8440 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC6582158
- OpenAlex
- W2951116083
- Cited by
- 321
- References
- 27
- Citations by year
- 2026: 30 · 2025: 31 · 2024: 49 · 2023: 50 · 2022: 70 · 2021: 52 · 2020: 35 · 2019: 4
- FWCI
- 3.59
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Heliyon (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- Preprints.org (acceptedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Funders
- National Natural Science Foundation of China
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Materials Science › Metals and Alloys › Extraction and Separation Processes
- Social Sciences › Business, Management and Accounting › Strategy and Management › Sustainable Supply Chain Management
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Automotive Engineering › Battery Modeling and Management
- Keywords
- lithium-ion batteries, battery reuse, battery recycling, circular economy, battery electric vehicles, stationary energy storage, valuable component recovery
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