A survey on LPWA technology: LoRa and NB-IoT
Open accessAbstract
By 2020, more than twenty five billion devices would be connected through wireless communications . In accordance with the rapid growth of the internet of things (IoT) market, low power wide area (LPWA) technologies have become popular. In various LPWA technologies, narrowband (NB)-IoT and long range (LoRa) are two leading technologies. In this paper, we provide a comprehensive survey on NB-IoT and LoRa as efficient solutions connecting the devices. It is shown that unlicensed LoRa has advantages in terms of battery lifetime, capacity, and cost. Meanwhile, licensed NB-IoT offers benefits in terms of QoS , latency, reliability, and range.
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Sigfox end-devices communicate with base stations through BPSK modulation in a 100 Hz ultra-narrow band with a maximum data rate of 100 bits/s.
“End-devices communicate with these base stations through BPSK modulation in a 100 Hz ultra-narrow band with a maximum data rate of 100 bits/s [75].”
From A Comprehensive Survey on TinyML (2023) · cites this paper as [75]
Sigfox deploys its own base stations in multiple nations using its patented ultra-narrowband technology in the unlicensed sub-GHz ISM frequencies.
“It deploys its own base stations in multiple nations using its patented ultra-narrowband (UNB) technology in the unlicensed sub-GHz ISM frequencies (e.g.915MHz in North America and 868MHz in Europe).”
From A Comprehensive Survey on TinyML (2023) · cites this paper as [75]
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- Authors
- Sinha, R. S., Wei, Y., & Hwang, S.-H.
- Affiliations
- Dongguk University (KR)
- Corresponding author
- Hwang, Seung-Hoon
- Venue
- ICT Express
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2017-03
- Volume
- 3
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 14-21
- ISSN
- 2405-9595 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2597831797
- Cited by
- 1,020
- References
- 1
- Citations by year
- 2026: 33 · 2025: 80 · 2024: 74 · 2023: 118 · 2022: 152 · 2021: 153 · 2020: 171 · 2019: 143 · 2018: 78 · 2017: 18
- FWCI
- 46.62
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- ICT Express (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Electrical and Electronic Engineering › IoT Networks and Protocols
- Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Computer Networks and Communications › IoT and Edge/Fog Computing
- Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Computer Networks and Communications › Energy Efficient Wireless Sensor Networks
- Keywords
- LPWA, LoRa, NB-IoT, Internet of Things, wireless connectivity, battery life, quality of service, latency, range
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Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
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