Development and evaluation of chitosan-coated virgin coconut oil-asiatic acid-loaded nanoemulgel for enhanced wound management
Abstract
Wound management remains a significant challenge due to complications such as delayed healing and microbial infections, particularly in the conditions like diabetes mellitus, vascular disorders, and immunosuppression. This study aimed to develop a chitosan-coated virgin coconut oil-asiatic acid-loaded nanoemulsion gel (CS-ASA-NEG) to enhance wound healing outcomes. A central composite design (CCD) was employed using Design Expert 11 software to optimize the nanoemulsion formulation, with ternary phase diagrams (TPD) evaluating stable regions for Tween 20: Span 80 (T20:S80) ratios. The optimized 4:1 ratio yielded a nanoemulsion with a globule size of 131.80 ± 0.33 nm and an entrapment efficiency (EE%) of 94.86 ± 0.05 %. Stability studies confirmed the formulation's robustness at 5 °C and 25 °C for 28 days. The nanoemulgel was prepared using 1 % carbopol gel, with a pH of 5.50 ± 0.04 and viscosity of 16,481 ± 0.01 cP, making it suitable for topical use. Skin permeation and irritation studies indicated superior efficacy, with a maximum flux (Jmax) of 159.10 ± 0.08 μg/cm 2/h, outperforming marketed gels. The formulation achieved a wound contraction rate of 99.86 ± 0.24 % by day 20, highlighting the synergistic benefits of asiatic acid, virgin coconut oil, and chitosan. CS-ASA-NEG offers a promising approach to improve wound healing.
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Nanoemulsion formulations based on asiatic acid and natural oils achieved near-complete wound closure within 20 days.
“Similarly, nanoemulsion formulations based on asiatic acid and natural oils (e.g., virgin coconut oil) achieved near-complete wound closure within 20 days (Mahadev et al. 2025).”
From Centella asiatica (L.) Urb. in skin health and cosmeceuticals: mechanisms, clinical evidence, and advanced delivery systems (2025) · cites this paper as Mahadev et al. 2025
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- Authors
- Mahadev, M., Ballal, S., Shetty, A., Dubey, A., Shetty, S. S., Hebbar, S., & El-Zahaby, S. A.
- Affiliations
- Nitte University (IN)
- K S Hegde Medical Academy (IN)
- Manipal Academy of Higher Education (IN)
- Corresponding author
- Dubey, Akhilesh
- Venue
- International Journal of Biological Macromolecules
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2025-04
- Volume
- 299
- Pages
- 140097
- ISSN
- 0141-8130 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W4406662525
- Cited by
- 14
- References
- 51
- Citations by year
- 2026: 4 · 2025: 10
- FWCI
- 4.80
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Update notices
- Open access
- closed
- Licence
- Locations
- International Journal of Biological Macromolecules (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Rehabilitation › Wound Healing and Treatments
- Life Sciences › Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics › Pharmaceutical Science › Advancements in Transdermal Drug Delivery
- Life Sciences › Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics › Pharmaceutical Science › Advanced Drug Delivery Systems
- Keywords
- wound healing, nanoemulgel, chitosan coating, virgin coconut oil, asiatic acid, nanoemulsion formulation, ternary phase diagram, encapsulation efficiency, skin permeation, wound contraction, topical drug delivery, Carbopol gel, Tween 20, Span 80
- MeSH terms
- Coconut Oil, Animals, Drug Carriers, Emulsions, Gels, Male, Skin, Wound Healing, Chitosan, Rats, Nanoparticles, Pentacyclic Triterpenes
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