Social interactions and relationships with an intelligent virtual agent
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The measures for motivations were adopted from previous literature on chatbot usage and interactions with an AI assistant.
“These measures were adopted from the previous literature on chatbot usage and interactions with an AI assistant (S. K. Lee et al., 2021; see Section 3.2 for more details).”
From Motivations and Affordances of ChatGPT Usage for College Students’ Learning (2025) · cites this paper as S. K. Lee et al., 2021
Cites
Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., & Buchner, A. (2007) · Behavior Research Methods · doi:10.3758/bf03193146 · Cited by 65,971 · see citing works
Trust in Automation: Designing for Appropriate Reliance
Lee, J. D., & See, K. A. (2004) · Human Factors: The Journal of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society · doi:10.1518/hfes.46.1.50_30392 · Cited by 6,605 · see citing works
A Meta-Analysis of Factors Affecting Trust in Human-Robot Interaction
Hancock, P. A., Billings, D. R., Schaefer, K. E., Chen, J. Y. C., de Visser, E. J., & Parasuraman, R. (2011) · Human Factors: The Journal of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society · doi:10.1177/0018720811417254 · Cited by 2,051 · see citing works
Gefen, D., & Straub, D. W. (2004) · Omega · doi:10.1016/j.omega.2004.01.006 · Cited by 2,025 · see citing works
Lee, K. M. (2004) · Communication Theory · doi:10.1111/j.1468-2885.2004.tb00302.x · Cited by 1,631 · see citing works
Gender and attitudes toward technology use: A meta-analysis
Cai, Z., Fan, X., & Du, J. (2017) · Computers & Education · doi:10.1016/j.compedu.2016.11.003 · Cited by 728 · see citing works
Are Machines Gender Neutral? Gender‐Stereotypic Responses to Computers With Voices
Nass, C., Moon, Y., & Green, N. (1997) · Journal of Applied Social Psychology · doi:10.1111/j.1559-1816.1997.tb00275.x · Cited by 670 · see citing works
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Building a Stronger CASA: Extending the Computers Are Social Actors Paradigm
Gambino, A., Fox, J., & Ratan, R. (2020) · Human-Machine Communication · doi:10.30658/hmc.1.5 · Cited by 626 · see citing works
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Multidimensional assessment of empathic abilities: Neural correlates and gender differences
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A longitudinal study of human–chatbot relationships
Skjuve, M., Følstad, A., Fostervold, K. I., & Brandtzaeg, P. B. (2022) · International Journal of Human-Computer Studies · doi:10.1016/j.ijhcs.2022.102903 · Cited by 253 · see citing works
“The bulk of recent research on relationship formation between users and more sophisticated conversational agents typically addresses virtual assistants, such as Alexa or Siri (Gao et al., 2018; Lee et al., 2021; Purington et al., 2017).”
BackgroundThe impacts of companion AI on human relationships: risks, benefits, and design considerations
Malfacini, K. (2025) · AI & SOCIETY · doi:10.1007/s00146-025-02318-6 · Cited by 105 · see citing works
Potential and pitfalls of romantic Artificial Intelligence (AI) companions: A systematic review
Ho, J. Q. H., Hu, M., Chen, T. X., & Hartanto, A. (2025) · Computers in Human Behavior Reports · doi:10.1016/j.chbr.2025.100715 · Cited by 64 · see citing works
Xu, Z., Wang, G., Zhai, S., & Liu, P. (2025) · International Journal of Human–Computer Interaction · doi:10.1080/10447318.2023.2176986 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Motivations and Affordances of ChatGPT Usage for College Students’ Learning
Lee, S. K., Ryu, J., Jie, Y., & Ma, D. H. (2025) · Media and Communication · doi:10.17645/mac.9508 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
“Numerous studies have demonstrated that human–machine trust is crucial in establishing effective interactions with virtual AI assistants or robots, allowing users to engage with these systems more confidently and comfortably (S. K. Lee et al., 2021; S. K. Lee & Sun, 2023).”
Self-citation
- Authors
- Lee, S. K., Kavya, P., & Lasser, S. C.
- Affiliations
- University of Oklahoma (US)
- Corresponding author
- Lee, Sun Kyong
- Venue
- International Journal of Human-Computer Studies
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2021-06
- Volume
- 150
- Pages
- 102608
- ISSN
- 1071-5819 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W3127525890
- Cited by
- 108
- References
- 12
- Citations by year
- 2026: 16 · 2025: 29 · 2024: 23 · 2023: 16 · 2022: 16 · 2021: 8
- FWCI
- 15.46
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Licence
- Locations
- International Journal of Human-Computer Studies (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Social Robot Interaction and HRI
- Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Artificial Intelligence › AI in Service Interactions
- Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Human-Computer Interaction › Virtual Reality Applications and Impacts
- Keywords
- intelligent virtual agents, Siri, human-agent interaction, social presence, gender matching, personal attachment, faith, technical skills, reliability, comprehensibility
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