Does computer-synthesized speech manifest personality? Experimental tests of recognition, similarity-attraction, and consistency-attraction
Abstract
Would people exhibit similarity-attraction and consistency-attraction toward unambiguously computer-generated speech even when personality is clearly not relevant? In Experiment 1, participants (extrovert or introvert) heard a synthesized voice (extrovert or introvert) on a book-buying Web site. Participants accurately recognized personality cues in text to speech and showed similarity-attraction in their evaluation of the computer voice, the book reviews, and the reviewer. Experiment 2, in a Web auction context, added personality of the text to the previous design. The results replicated Experiment 1 and demonstrated consistency (voice and text personality)-attraction. To maximize liking and trust, designers should set parameters, for example, words per minute or frequency range, that create a personality that is consistent with the user and the content being presented.
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Much of the relevant research has focused on imbuing voice-based, embodied, and robot-based chatbots with personalities using nonverbal cues such as gestures, gaze, voice tone and speed, and proximity.
“Much of the relevant research has focused on imbuing voice-based, embodied, and robot-based chatbots with personalities using nonverbal cues, such as gestures [20,21] gaze [22], voice tone and speed [23], and proximity [24].”
From Interacting with a Chatbot-Based Advising System: Understanding the Effect of Chatbot Personality and User Gender on Behavior (2022) · cites this paper as [23]
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- Authors
- Nass, C., & Lee, K. M.
- Affiliations
- Stanford University (US)
- Venue
- Journal of Experimental Psychology: Applied
- Published
- 2001
- Volume
- 7
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 171-181
- ISSN
- 1076-898X (ISSN-L)
- 1939-2192
- OpenAlex
- W2164772857
- Semantic Scholar
- 97c709ce30c43e4333a89c78d4a48e7b4ce06693
- Cited by
- 522
- References
- 59
- Citations by year
- 2026: 12 · 2025: 29 · 2024: 27 · 2023: 29 · 2022: 37 · 2021: 44 · 2020: 34 · 2019: 27 · 2018: 24 · 2017: 16 · 2016: 22 · 2015: 18 · 2014: 22 · 2013: 19 · 2012: 15
- FWCI
- 9.65
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Journal of Experimental Psychology Applied (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Artificial Intelligence › AI in Service Interactions
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Social Robot Interaction and HRI
- Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Human-Computer Interaction › Innovative Human-Technology Interaction
- Keywords
- similarity attraction, person perception, text-to-speech, trust, liking, online reviews, online auctions, extraversion-introversion, speech rate, frequency range
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Adult, Extraversion, Psychological, Female, Humans, Introversion, Psychological, Male, Social Perception, Speech Acoustics, Speech Perception, Internet
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
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