The DOI matches its Crossref record; 45 of the 46 references it cites were found in a registry or an index; none of the 32 sources its claims cite is checked for support yet.
Blockchain in healthcare and health sciences—A scoping review
Open accessAbstract
BACKGROUND: Blockchain can be described as an immutable ledger, logging data entries in a decentralized manner. This new technology has been suggested to disrupt a wide range of data-driven domains, including the health domain. OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to systematically review, assess and synthesize peer-reviewed publications utilizing/proposing to utilize blockchain to improve processes and services in healthcare, health sciences and health education. METHOD: A structured literature search on the topic was conducted in October 2018 relevant bibliographic databases. RESULT: 39 publications fulfilled the inclusion criteria. The result indicates that Electronic Health Records and Personal Health Records are the most targeted areas using blockchain technology. Access control, interoperability, provenance and data integrity are all issues that are meant to be improved by blockchain technology in this field. Ethereum and Hyperledger fabric seem to be the most used platforms/frameworks in this domain. CONCLUSION: This study shows that the endeavors of using blockchain technology in the health domain are increasing exponentially. There are areas within the health domain that potentially could be highly impacted by blockchain technology.
Overview
AI snapshot
Written from the paper’s full text.
TL;DR
This scoping review systematically assessed 39 peer-reviewed publications on blockchain in healthcare, health sciences, and health education. It found that EHRs and PHRs are the most targeted areas, consortium blockchains and Ethereum/Hyperledger are common, but the field remains early and lacks evidence of real-world effects and regulatory compliance.
Key findings
- Of 39 included publications, 43% targeted electronic health records, 15% personal health records, and 5% clinical trial support systems; 62% addressed some process of sharing health data.
- Blockchain was proposed to improve access control in 35% of publications, interoperability in 27%, data integrity in 28%, and provenance in 12%.
- Consortium blockchain was the preferred type (38%); Ethereum was used in 28%, Hyperledger Fabric in 10%, and Exonum in 4%; 36% developed a new blockchain and 21% did not specify a platform. PoW was the most frequent consensus algorithm (21%), PBFT was 15%, 41% did not state a consensus protocol, and 38% used smart contracts.
- The average citation count was 21 ± 40 (up to March 2019); publications by year were 2016 (n = 4), 2017 (n = 11), and 2018 (n = 23); most studies were associated with Chinese (42%) or USA (20%) research institutes. Quality assessment total mean score was 5.7 ± 1.8, with a range of 1–9.
Methods
- A structured literature search was conducted in October 2018 in MEDLINE, Embase, Cochrane Library, Scopus, Google Scholar, Compendex, Inspec, ACM, and IEEE, searching for “blockchain” combined with “health” and using backward/forward snowballing.
- Titles, abstracts, and full articles were screened by reviewer 1, with doubtful cases reviewed by three additional reviewers; disagreements were resolved by discussion. Data were extracted into a pre-developed matrix and analyzed in Microsoft Excel.
- Quality assessment used a tool adapted from Hölbl et al.; no papers were excluded in this process. All included papers were categorized as Proof-of-Concept design, and eleven were considered a hybrid between Proof-of-Concept and case-study design.
Limitations
- The paper states that the review does not capture the whole picture, especially promising private-sector developments not covered in the included publications, such as genome management and medical credential systems.
- The paper states that none of the included publications described how their blockchain-based solution complied with GDPR, HIPAA, or other national health data laws and regulations.
- Evident from the text: many included publications failed to define their blockchain type, platform/framework, or consensus protocol, limiting comparability and feasibility assessment; the search was last updated in October 2018, so later work is not included.
Model-written summary. Check it against the paper before relying on it.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
47 Own result · 18 Not checked yet · 10 Own interpretation · 8 No basis given · 4 Own method
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“39 publications fulfilled the inclusion criteria.”
- Also stated in: § 4. Results · plain
“The following section presents a summary of the extracted data from the included papers (n = 39).”
§ Blockchain in healthcare and health sciences-A scoping review > Abstract
plainn = 39- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Also stated in: § 4. Results · plain
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“More than half of the publications (62 %) addressed some processes of sharing health data.”
§ Blockchain in healthcare and health sciences-A scoping review > 4.1.1. Summary of proposed solutions
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The most frequently targeted system was EHR, with 43 % of the publications addressing this topic.”
§ Blockchain in healthcare and health sciences-A scoping review > 4.1.1. Summary of proposed solutions
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The result indicates that Electronic Health Records and Personal Health Records are the most targeted areas using blockchain technology.”
- Also stated in: § 4.1.1. Summary of proposed solutions · plain
“The most frequently targeted system was EHR, with 43 % of the publications addressing this topic.Other systems of focus were PHR (15 %) and clinical trial support systems (5 %).”
§ Blockchain in healthcare and health sciences-A scoping review > Abstract
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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- Also stated in: § 4.1.1. Summary of proposed solutions · plain
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Many of the PHRs were proposed as patient-controlled and not tethered to a particular health institution or system (Table 6).”
§ Blockchain in healthcare and health sciences-A scoping review > 4.1.1. Summary of proposed solutions
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Ethereum and Hyperledger fabric seem to be the most used platforms/frameworks in this domain.”
§ Blockchain in healthcare and health sciences-A scoping review > Abstract
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This study shows that the endeavors of using blockchain technology in the health domain are increasing exponentially.”
- Also stated in: § Quality Assessment Query · plain
“The included papers were published during the following years; 2016 (n = 4), 2017 (n = 11) and 2018 (n = 23).”
§ Blockchain in healthcare and health sciences-A scoping review > Abstract
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Also stated in: § Quality Assessment Query · plain
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Although several of the papers failed to define their approach (26 %), private-(10 %) and public blockchains (15 %) appears to be less used in the health domain (Fig. 4).”
§ Blockchain in healthcare and health sciences-A scoping review > 4.2. Technical details of the proposed blockchain concepts 4.2.1. Type of blockchain
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Blockchain solutions for the interoperability challenges were discussed in several papers (27 %) (Table 5).”
§ Blockchain in healthcare and health sciences-A scoping review > Health Information system
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Eight (21 %) of the included studies failed to specify a platform or framework for their concept (Fig. 4).”
§ Blockchain in healthcare and health sciences-A scoping review > 4.2.2. Blockchain platform/framework
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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- Probably not a substantial claim. 25
- It may state two separate claims as one. 17
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The included papers were published during the following years; 2016 (n = 4), 2017 (n = 11) and 2018 (n = 23).”
§ Blockchain in healthcare and health sciences-A scoping review > Quality Assessment Query
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Most studies were associated with Chinese research institutes or research groups (42 %) followed by institutes and groups in the USA (20 %).”
§ Blockchain in healthcare and health sciences-A scoping review > Quality Assessment Query
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Access control, interoperability, provenance and data integrity are all issues that are meant to be improved by blockchain technology in this field.”
- Also stated in: § 4.1.2. Challenges which blockchain aims to improve · plain
“As illustraded in Table 5, blockchain was suggested as an improvement to access control in 35 % of the included publications.”
- Also stated in: § Health Information system · plain
“Blockchain solutions for the interoperability challenges were discussed in several papers (27 %) (Table 5).”
§ Blockchain in healthcare and health sciences-A scoping review > Abstract
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
- Also stated in: § 4.1.2. Challenges which blockchain aims to improve · plain
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The papers had an average citation count of 21 ± 40 (up to March 2019).”
§ Blockchain in healthcare and health sciences-A scoping review > Quality Assessment Query
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“As shown in Table 4, the included publications seem to be evenly distributed between journal publications and conference proceedings.”
§ Blockchain in healthcare and health sciences-A scoping review > 4.1. Bibliographic overview
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“A large proportion proposed a structural design (54 %) as main contribution, followed by proposals including new algorithms or protocols (38 %) (Table 4).”
§ Blockchain in healthcare and health sciences-A scoping review > Quality Assessment Query
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“IEEE Access with five papers and The Journal of Medical Systems with six papers represented the journals with most included publications.”
§ Blockchain in healthcare and health sciences-A scoping review > 4.1. Bibliographic overview
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Other systems of focus were PHR (15 %) and clinical trial support systems (5 %).”
§ Blockchain in healthcare and health sciences-A scoping review > 4.1.1. Summary of proposed solutions
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In addition, eleven of the included papers could be considered as a hybrid between a Proof-of-Concept and a Casestudy design.”
§ Blockchain in healthcare and health sciences-A scoping review > Quality Assessment Query
hedgedn = 11- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In addition, it is also noteworthy that not all concepts that are built using the Ethereum platform or Ethereum protocols used PoW.”
§ Blockchain in healthcare and health sciences-A scoping review > 4.2.3. Consensus algorithm
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Ethereum was utilized in eleven (28 %) of the 39 included publications, Hyperledger Fabric four times (10 %) and Exonum once (4 %) (Fig. 4).”
§ Blockchain in healthcare and health sciences-A scoping review > 4.2.2. Blockchain platform/framework
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The quality of the included publications varies with a standard deviation of 1.8 for the total mean score and a range of 1-9.”
§ Blockchain in healthcare and health sciences-A scoping review > 4.3. Quality assessment
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Ethereum (decentralized platform) (5) and Hyperledger (framework) [9] are so far the most popular, and both allow developers to build new blockchain applications onto existing blockchains and to create new test-nets using their protocols.”
§ Blockchain in healthcare and health sciences-A scoping review > 2.1.3. Existing or new blockchains
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [9]
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Data was extracted from the included papers in a pre-development matrix.The data extraction was mainly done by reviewer 1 [AH] and later re-examined by reviewers 2-4 [AF, KK and DG].”
§ Blockchain in healthcare and health sciences-A scoping review > 3.3. Data extraction
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Titles, abstracts and full articles were subsequently screened by reviewer 1 [AH] applying the inclusion and exclusion criteria (Appendix B -Protocol).Publications meeting the inclusive criteria, and those for which the first reviewer was in doubt, were reviewed a second time by three additional reviewers [AF, KK and DG].In cases of disagreement, a discussion between all four reviewers determined”
§ Blockchain in healthcare and health sciences-A scoping review > 3.2. Selection process
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“To both maintain the patient's privacy and exchange data with other institutions in the healthcare ecosystem, access control, provenance, data integrity and interoperability are crucial.”
§ Blockchain in healthcare and health sciences-A scoping review > 2.2. The potential of blockchain in the health domain
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“The blockchain Ethereum is at this date the largest facilitator of smart contracts on blockchain [5].”
§ Blockchain in healthcare and health sciences-A scoping review > 2. Background
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [5]
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“Bitcoin, with close to 400 million completed transactions (March 19, 2019) [2], represents a solid use-case that blockchain technology works.”
§ Blockchain in healthcare and health sciences-A scoping review > 1. Introduction and rationale
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [2]
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“With some of its key attributes such as decentralization, distribution and data integrity, and without any necessary third party, blockchain technology has many appealing properties that could be utilized to improve and obtain a higher level of interoperability, information sharing, access control, provenance and data integrity among the mentioned stakeholders, thereby moving towards a new”
§ Blockchain in healthcare and health sciences-A scoping review > 2.2. The potential of blockchain in the health domain
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence.
In the paper
“Although blockchain technology is considered to have potential for real improvement of health information systems [3], the recent hype surrounding this technology similarly entails unrealistic proposals and ideas and current literature provides little overview of applications that have been developed, tested and/or deployed.”
§ Blockchain in healthcare and health sciences-A scoping review > 1. Introduction and rationale
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [3]
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In this scoping literature review, we have found that the research on the explorative use of blockchain in healthcare is an academic research topic in its infancy but that the number of research groups approaches and proposed solutions currently is growing exponentially.”
§ Blockchain in healthcare and health sciences-A scoping review > 5. Discussion
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“A smart-contract function, which often has the purpose of reducing third party interaction, has the potential of making health informatic processes more efficient.”
§ Blockchain in healthcare and health sciences-A scoping review > 5. Discussion
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The strength of this publication is its stringent inclusion criteria and the quality assessment approach.”
§ Blockchain in healthcare and health sciences-A scoping review > 5. Discussion
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Although this study provides a good overview of what has recently been investigated in an academic (peer-reviewed) setting, the review does not capture the whole picture of the development in the area.”
§ Blockchain in healthcare and health sciences-A scoping review > 5. Discussion
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: There are promising developments in the private sector in other areas of the health sector that are not covered in the included publications for this review, for example genome management and medical credential systems.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Judged from the number of blockchain-related publications on Google Scholar, the inauguration and growth of blockchain in healthcare as an academic field is in line with those in other academic sectors.”
§ Blockchain in healthcare and health sciences-A scoping review > 5. Discussion
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Since HIS deals with highly sensitive data [18], which usually entails that a limited number of entities should have access, a consortium blockchain may be more appropriate than a public permissionless and private to ensure that data are not accessible by those who have no view rights and also to comply with current health data regulations.”
§ Blockchain in healthcare and health sciences-A scoping review > 5. Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [18]
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
In the paper
“With stronger emphasis on team-based care and continuity of care across institutional borders, and identity management and access control across different health systems, the processes of sharing becomes important [58].”
§ Blockchain in healthcare and health sciences-A scoping review > 5. Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [58] source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Since HIS deals with highly sensitive data [18], which usually entails that a limited number of entities should have access, a consortium blockchain may be more appropriate than a public permissionless and private to ensure that data are not accessible by those who have no view rights and also to comply with current health data regulations.”
§ Blockchain in healthcare and health sciences-A scoping review > 5. Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [18]
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Research on the use of blockchain in healthcare is now established as an academic field, and the number and quality of publications are increasing rapidly.”
§ Blockchain in healthcare and health sciences-A scoping review > 6. Conclusion
boostedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: unclear — It is unclear why the paper says it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The evidence collected in this review gives a clear indication that blockchain enhanced solutions for this area of the health system have a promising potential and needs to be explored further.”
§ Blockchain in healthcare and health sciences-A scoping review > 5. Discussion
boosted- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
- The authors state this as an assumption: M-health will increase at a rapid pace in the coming years.
In the paper
“This is an alternative take on the use of health information to fix a broken healthcare system and improve the continuity of care [59] which builds on the patient in a more empowered and controlling role.”
§ Blockchain in healthcare and health sciences-A scoping review > 5. Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [59] source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This correlates well with the overall popularity of blockchain platforms.”
§ Blockchain in healthcare and health sciences-A scoping review > 5. Discussion
boostedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
The paper relies on this without support.
Current literature provides little overview of applications that have been developed, tested and/or deployed.
“current literature provides little overview of applications that have been developed, tested and/or deployed.”
The authors state this as an assumption.
M-health will increase at a rapid pace in the coming years.
“There is a reasonable assumption that m-health will increase at a rapid pace in the coming years and the need to verify and access m-health generated data by the health systems becomes crucial for the continued development of HIS and to insure that these data-driven systems stay up to date.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Healthcare institutions are in critical demand for new and improved trust-preserving solutions.
“Due to the over-arching importance of maintaining trust while satisfying an ever-increasing demand for exchange of data within the healthcare ecosystem, healthcare institutions are in critical demand for new and improved trust-preserving solutions.”
The paper relies on this without support.
M-health is a rather new field and lacks a common data infrastructure and, to some degree, lacks common regulation around dealing with health data and getting the data accepted by the established health system.
“M-health is a rather new field and lacks a common data infrastructure and, to some degree, lacks common regulation around dealing with health data and getting the data accepted by the established health system.”
The paper relies on this without support.
There are promising developments in the private sector in other areas of the health sector that are not covered in the included publications for this review, for example genome management and medical credential systems.
“There are promising developments in the private sector in other areas of the health sector that are not covered in the included publications for this review; for example, genome management and medical credential systems.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The blockchain technology market in the global healthcare industrial sector is expected to cross $500 million by 2022.
“This trend is also noticeable in the global healthcare industrial sector, where the blockchain technology market is expected to cross $500 million by 2022.”
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“Up to date, blockchain has proved its success in healthcare and biomedical applications with promising performances in terms of healthcare data security [49], secure data management [50], [51], and transparent medical data storage [52], [53].”
From Blockchain and AI-Based Solutions to Combat Coronavirus (COVID-19)-Like Epidemics: A Survey (2021) · cites this paper as [49]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“While these SLRs have contributed to the extant body of knowledge, their focus has primarily been on synthesizing or delineating trends (e.g.Hasselgren et al., 2020) and areas of blockchain application (see Risius & Spohrer, 2017;Hölbl et al. 2018;Agbo et al. 2019;Jaoude & Saade, 2019).”
From Blockchain in healthcare: A systematic literature review, synthesizing framework and future research agenda (2020) · cites this paper as Hasselgren et al., 2020
In the citing paper
“Given the sensitivity of wearable data, next-generation cybersecurity tools, such as blockchain111, should be considered because data breaches are expected as an eventuality rather than a mere possibility and because the data constantly move from one platform to another.”
From Smart wearable devices in cardiovascular care: Where we are and how to move forward (2021) · cites this paper as [111]
In the citing paper
“In one study, patients who were willing to share their health data with their physician (72%) but fewer with their health insurer or manufacturing companies (53%).57”
From Unlocking Tomorrow’s Health Care: Expanding the Clinical Scope of Wearables by Applying Artificial Intelligence (2024) · cites this paper as [57]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
Each contradiction between two passages listed here was confirmed by an independent check.
Rated major: it would touch a result — a value a result rests on, reported and recomputed p-values on opposite sides of the significance level, two passages that conflict with no sign which is right, or a cited work retracted before this paper was published.
In the paper
“| Grand Total | 39 |”
§ Blockchain in healthcare and health sciences-A scoping review > 6. Conclusion
Reported 39 · recomputed 33
Rated minor: it would not touch a result — a value no result rests on, a p-value that stays on the same side of the significance level, or a conflict that is clerical, resolved elsewhere in the paper, or outside its own findings.
In the paper
“Exonum once (4 %)”
§ Blockchain in healthcare and health sciences-A scoping review > 4.2.2. Blockchain platform/framework
Reported 4 · recomputed 2.564103
Rated minor: it would not touch a result — a value no result rests on, a p-value that stays on the same side of the significance level, or a conflict that is clerical, resolved elsewhere in the paper, or outside its own findings.
In the paper
§ Blockchain in healthcare and health sciences-A scoping review > Quality Assessment Query
“Q5 Are the proposed solutions feasible (scalable, economical, implementable)?”
§ Blockchain in healthcare and health sciences-A scoping review > 6. Conclusion
“| Q5 Problem solution fit |”
Rated minor: it would not touch a result — a value no result rests on, a p-value that stays on the same side of the significance level, or a conflict that is clerical, resolved elsewhere in the paper, or outside its own findings.
In the paper
§ Blockchain in healthcare and health sciences-A scoping review > 6. Conclusion
“| Practical Byzantine Fault Tolerance | 6 | 5, 8, 14, 21, 24, 37 |”
§ Blockchain in healthcare and health sciences-A scoping review > 6. Conclusion
“| Not defined | 16 | 1, 7, 8, 11-13, 16, 17, 25-28, |”
Citations
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Healthcare blockchain system using smart contracts for secure automated remote patient monitoring
Griggs, K. N., Ossipova, O., Kohlios, C. P., Baccarini, A. N., Howson, E. A., & Hayajneh, T. (2018) · Journal of Medical Systems · doi:10.1007/s10916-018-0982-x · Cited by 926 · cited 2×
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BackgroundA Systematic Review of the Use of Blockchain in Healthcare
Hölbl, M., Kompara, M., Kamišalić, A., & Nemec Zlatolas, L. (2018) · Symmetry · doi:10.3390/sym10100470 · Cited by 780 · cited 3×
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BackgroundMethodInfluential
Research works printed but not linked: 2
- blockchain.com [cited 2019 09.03]. Available from: https://www.blockchain.com/charts/n-transactions-total.
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Cited by
Sorted by citations
Items 201–300 of 674
Blockchain technology with its application in medical and healthcare systems: A survey
Gupta, B. B., Mamta, ., Mehla, R., Alhalabi, W., & Alsharif, H. (2022) · International Journal of Intelligent Systems · doi:10.1002/int.23014 · Cited by 19
“Apart from these industries, blockchain is also making a significant impact on the healthcare and medical industry.(24,25) Blockchain technology can transform these industries through its veracity which is offered by properties like transparency, immutability, and decentralization.”
BackgroundAbdulmuhsin, A. A., Dbesan, A. H., Rehman, S. U., Alnoor, A., & Alkhwaldi, A. F. (2025) · Health Services Management Research · doi:10.1177/09514848251358332 · Cited by 18
Thilagavathy, R., Renjith, P. N., Lalitha, R. V. S., Murthy, M. Y. B., Sucharitha, Y., & Narayanan, S. L. (2023) · Soft Computing · doi:10.1007/s00500-023-07958-8 · Cited by 16
RetractedKuo, T.-T., Pham, A. T., Edelson, M., Kim, J., Chan, J., Gupta, Y., Lucila Ohno-machado, A., Anderson, D. M., Balacha, C., Bath, T., et al. (2023) · Journal of the American Medical Informatics Association · doi:10.1093/jamia/ocad049 · Cited by 16
Fortifying Health Care Intellectual Property Transactions With Blockchain
Liang, H.-W., Chu, Y.-C., & Han, T. (2022) · Journal of Medical Internet Research · doi:10.2196/44578 · Cited by 13
Brave New Healthcare: A Narrative Review of Digital Healthcare in American Medicine
Pergolizzi, J. V., LeQuang, J. A., Vasiliu-Feltes, I., Breve, F., & Varrassi, G. (2023) · Cureus · doi:10.7759/cureus.46489 · Cited by 17
“The most immediately probable uses for blockchain in healthcare will be to create a decentralized network for electronic health records and data from clinical trials [77].”
BackgroundInfluentialTerzi, S., & Stamelos, I. G. (2024) · Health and Technology · doi:10.1007/s12553-024-00833-y · Cited by 19
“The BC’s ability to estab - lish an auditable chain of interconnected blocks organized in a Merkle tree, in which each leaf value (representing a transaction) can be authenticated by comparing it to the known root, ensures data integrity [ 36 ].”
Application of privacy protection technology to healthcare big data
Shin, H., Ryu, K., Kim, J., & Lee, S. (2024) · Digital Health · doi:10.1177/20552076241282242 · Cited by 17
Blockchain in Pharmaceutical Sector
Kumari, M., Gupta, M., & Ved, C. (2020) · Studies in big data · doi:10.1007/978-981-15-9547-9_8 · Cited by 16
Dynamic Topology Awareness in Active Distribution Networks Using Blockchain-Based State Estimations
Li, X., Han, B., Li, G., Luo, L., Wang, K., & Jiang, X. (2021) · IEEE Transactions on Power Systems · doi:10.1109/tpwrs.2021.3070390 · Cited by 16
Meidutė‐Kavaliauskienė, I., Yazdi, A. K., & Mehdiabadi, A. (2022) · Logistics · doi:10.3390/logistics6010021 · Cited by 17
“Recently, Hasselgren et al. [44] analyzed 39 studies to present summary statistics on popular platforms and targeted areas wherein blockchain has been applied to improve Healthcare.”
BackgroundBlockchain and Double Auction-Based Trustful EVs Energy Trading Scheme for Optimum Pricing
Kakkar, R., Gupta, R., Agrawal, S. S., Bhattacharya, P., Tanwar, S., Raboacă, M. S., Alqahtani, F. H., & Tolba, A. K. R. (2022) · Mathematics · doi:10.3390/math10152748 · Cited by 15
“[22] discussed about how usage of blockchain can improve the security and services in the health care sector.”
BackgroundNFT-based online prescription for data management in healthcare services
Mohammadi, S., Fatoorchi, A. A., & Babagoli, M. (2023) · Technology Analysis and Strategic Management · doi:10.1080/09537325.2023.2209209 · Cited by 15
“…brings valuable facilities for a wide range of areas, achieving useful compliance, e ffi ciency and interoperability among di ff erent organisations as well as higher quality, provenance and data integrity, accountability and access control (Spanò, Massaro, and Iacuzzi 2021; Hasselgren et al. 2020).”
Azzam, F., Jaber, M., Saies, A., Kirresh, T., Awadallah, R., Karakra, A., Barghouthi, H., & Amarneh, S. (2023) · Applied Sciences · doi:10.3390/app13148463 · Cited by 15
Blockchain-based end-to-end privacy-preserving scheme for IoT-based healthcare systems
Esfahani, M. N., Ghahfarokhi, B. S., & Borujeni, S. E. (2023) · The Journal of Supercomputing · doi:10.1007/s11227-023-05522-7 · Cited by 16
Smart Contract Vulnerability Detection Based on Multi-Scale Encoders
Guo, J., Lu, L., & Li, J. (2024) · Electronics · doi:10.3390/electronics13030489 · Cited by 17
A deep learning-based disease diagnosis with intrusion detection for a secured healthcare system
Kanna, S. K. R., Murthy, M. Y. B., Gawali, M. B., Rubai, S. M., Reddy, N. S., Brammya, G., & Preetha, N. S. N. (2024) · Knowledge and Information Systems · doi:10.1007/s10115-023-02030-1 · Cited by 15
“It has enhanced performance over other approaches based on decision-making strategy [15].”
Halmosi, P., & Aranyossy, M. (2024) · Technology in Society · doi:10.1016/j.techsoc.2024.102620 · Cited by 19
Hossain, M. D., Mamun, Q., & Islam, R. (2024) · Electronics · doi:10.3390/electronics13245050 · Cited by 18
VerifyMed-A blockchain platform for transparent trust in virtualized healthcare
Rensaa, J.-A. H., Gligoroski, D., Kralevska, K., Hasselgren, A., & Faxvaag, A. (2020) · International Electronics Communication Conference (IECC) · doi:10.1145/3409934.3409946 · Cited by 15
Self-citationPlatt, M., Hasselgren, A., Román-Belmonte, J. M., de Oliveira, M. T., la Corte‐Rodríguez, H. D., Olabarriaga, S. D., Rodriguez-Merchan, E. C., & Mackey, T. K. (2021) · JMIR Public Health and Surveillance · doi:10.2196/26460 · Cited by 15
“These include electronic health record (EHR) management and aggregation, privacy-preserving algorithms for health systems data, integration of blockchain systems with the Internet of Medical Things, enabling distributed patient-provider directories across multiple payers and providers, and enhancing management and sec…”
BackgroundSelf-citationWhat is digital health, eHealth, uHealth and Healthcare 4.0?
Mangion, A., & Piller, N. (2025) · Informatics and Health · doi:10.1016/j.infoh.2025.06.002 · Cited by 20
Combining blockchain and machine learning in healthcare and health informatics: An exploratory study
Soner, S., Litoriya, R., & Pandey, P. (2022) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-323-90615-9.00014-1 · Cited by 14
An extended lightweight blockchain based collaborative healthcare system for fraud prevention
Settipalli, L., Gangadharan, G. R., & Bellamkonda, S. (2023) · Cluster Computing · doi:10.1007/s10586-023-03973-4 · Cited by 14
Digitisation, health literacy and health empowerment of older people
Piccolo, R. (2024) · International Entrepreneurship and Management Journal · doi:10.1007/s11365-024-00980-8 · Cited by 17
“Additionally, blockchain technology can ensure the security and trans-parency of healthcare data management (Hasselgren et al., 2020), thereby improving the efficiency and effectiveness of healthcare services.”
Blockchain and explainable-AI integrated system for Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS) detection
Jaganathan, G., & Natesan, S. (2025) · PeerJ Computer Science · doi:10.7717/peerj-cs.2702 · Cited by 14
“…security is essential for promoting trust, thwarting malicious attacks, enforcing legal requirements, guaranteeing stakeholders ’ well-being, preserving patient privacy and safeguarding sensitive data ( Hasselgren et al., 2020 ; Zaabar et al., 2021 ; Saeed et al., 2022 ; Wahyuni et al., 2024 ).”
Cruz, M. J., Nieblas‐Bedolla, E., Young, C. C., Feroze, A. H., Williams, J. R., Ellenbogen, R. G., & Levitt, M. R. (2021) · Neurosurgery · doi:10.1093/neuros/nyab185 · Cited by 14
Yang, X., Li, X., Li, T., Wang, X., Wang, C., & Li, B. (2021) · Transactions on Emerging Telecommunications Technologies · doi:10.1002/ett.4371 · Cited by 14
Blockchain technology adoption in healthcare: an integrated model
Bazel, M. A., Mohammed, F., Ahmad, M. B., Baarimah, A. O., & Maskari, T. A. (2025) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-025-95253-x · Cited by 27
A consent-aware electronic medical records sharing method based on blockchain
Qu, X., Yang, Z., Zeng, C., & Sun, G. (2024) · Computer Standards & Interfaces · doi:10.1016/j.csi.2024.103902 · Cited by 13
Kayhan, B. M., Yeni, F. B., Özçelik, G., & Ayyıldız, E. (2024) · Annals of Operations Research · doi:10.1007/s10479-024-06441-3 · Cited by 15
Aich, S., Tripathy, S., Joo, M.-I., & Kim, H. (2021) · Sustainability · doi:10.3390/su13095269 · Cited by 15
“The technology remains immature, and therefore the above factors must all be upgraded to enhance performance in the healthcare sector [90].”
BackgroundMann, S., Balyan, A., Rohilla, V., Gupta, D., Gupta, Z., & Rahmani, A. W. (2022) · Journal of Food Quality · doi:10.1155/2022/3958596 · Cited by 13
RetractedBlockchain-driven authorized data access mechanism for digital healthcare
Chhikara, D., Rana, S., Mishra, A., & Mishra, D. (2022) · Journal of Systems Architecture · doi:10.1016/j.sysarc.2022.102714 · Cited by 13
Approaches to Overpower Proof-of-Work Blockchains Despite Minority
Baniata, H., & Kertész, A. (2023) · IEEE Access · doi:10.1109/access.2023.3234322 · Cited by 16
“Not only Bitcoin, but the BC technology in its generality was also used in a wide variety of applications, including distributed e-voting [7], [8], e-Health [9], [10], [11], IoT [12], smart contracts [13] and IoV [14].”
BackgroundGambril, J. A., Boyd, C. J., & Egbaria, J. K. (2022) · Journal of Medical Internet Research · doi:10.2196/34276 · Cited by 12
“Blockchain technology has been applied to numerous industries, and many possibilities exist for application within health care [2].”
BackgroundThakuriya, P., Kaur, S., & Mishra, V. (2023) · Operations Research Forum · doi:10.1007/s43069-023-00221-8 · Cited by 12
Wang, Y., Cong, X., Zi, L., & Xiang, Q. (2023) · Security and Communication Networks · doi:10.1155/2023/5614241 · Cited by 16
Sangal, S., Nigam, A., & Sharma, S. (2023) · Journal of Consumer Behaviour · doi:10.1002/cb.2213 · Cited by 12
Falco, C. D., Noto, G., Marisca, C., & Barresi, G. (2024) · The TQM Journal · doi:10.1108/tqm-12-2023-0425 · Cited by 9
Healthcare professionals’ cross-organizational access to electronic health records: A scoping review
Solvang, Ø. S., Cassidy, S., Granja, C., & Solvoll, T. G. (2024) · International Journal of Medical Informatics · doi:10.1016/j.ijmedinf.2024.105688 · Cited by 11
Risk management of smart healthcare systems: Delimitation, state-of-arts, process, and perspectives
Liu, Y. (2022) · Journal of Patient Safety and Risk Management · doi:10.1177/25160435221102242 · Cited by 12
Grover, B., & Kushwaha, D. K. (2022) · Health Services and Outcomes Research Methodology · doi:10.1007/s10742-022-00281-z · Cited by 12
“By the distributed nature of Block chain, the health care system of different countries will form a virtual medical network for low-cost solutions (Hasselgren et al. 2020; Vazirani et al. 2020).”
BackgroundMonga, S., & Singh, D. (2022) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-022-22569-3 · Cited by 18
“According to the study Ethereum and Hyperledger fabric appear to be the most utilized stages/systems in this area 10 .”
MethodVishwakarma, S. K., Goswami, R. S., Nayudu, P. P., Sekhar, K. R., Arnepalli, P. R. R., Thatikonda, R., & Abdel-Rehim, W. M. F. (2023) · Soft Computing · doi:10.1007/s00500-023-08629-4 · Cited by 12
RetractedA Risk Analysis on Blockchain Technology Usage for Electronic Health Records
Ploder, C., Spieß, T., Bernsteiner, R. C., Dilger, T., & Weichelt, R. (2021) · Cloud Computing and Data Science · doi:10.37256/ccds.222021777 · Cited by 12
“Using blockchain, anonymized patient data can be made available to the research community to develop Big Data cases [71, 72].”
MethodBlockchain Application in Healthcare Industry: Attacks and Countermeasures
Alsunbul, A., Elmedany, W. M., & Al-Ammal, H. (2021) · International Conference on Data Analytics for Business and Industry (ICDABI) · doi:10.1109/icdabi53623.2021.9655852 · Cited by 12
Blockchain for the Cybersecurity of Smart City ApplicationsPreprint
Cheikhrouhou, O., Amdouni, I., Mershad, K., Ammi, M., & Nguyen, T. (2022) · doi:10.36227/techrxiv.19990367.v1 · Cited by 13
Jayabalan, J., & Jeyanthi, N. (2025) · IEEE Access · doi:10.1109/access.2025.3606194 · Cited by 11
“This tripartite approach transcends the fragmented focus of previous research [6], [9], [10], [11], [12], offering a unified solution that addresses security, scalability, and interoperability challenges in healthcare data management.”
A Study on Data Sharing Using Blockchain System and Its Challenges and Applications
Smmarwar, S. K., Gupta, G. P., & Kumar, S. (2021) · Advances in information security, privacy, and ethics book series · doi:10.4018/978-1-7998-7789-9.ch011 · Cited by 11
The role of Project managers in navigating digitalization in a supply chain for resilience
Jerome, J. J. J., Sonwaney, V. P., & Arunkumar, O. N. (2023) · Production & Manufacturing Research · doi:10.1080/21693277.2023.2291649 · Cited by 11
Multiscale Feature Fusion and Graph Convolutional Network for Detecting Ethereum Phishing Scams
Chen, Z., Huang, J., Liu, S., & Long, H. (2024) · Electronics · doi:10.3390/electronics13061012 · Cited by 11
“In addition, blockchain technology has also achieved initial success in fields such as manufacturing [3], agri-food [4], healthcare [5], and energy [6].”
BackgroundSecuring EHRs With a Novel Token-Based and PPoS Blockchain Methodology
Benaich, R., Mendili, S. E., & Gahi, Y. (2024) · IEEE Access · doi:10.1109/access.2024.3412793 · Cited by 12
“Conversely, integrating blockchain technology presents an appealing solution to these challenges in managing medical records [7], [8], [9].”
BackgroundHu, S., Schmidt-Kraepelin, M., Thiebes, S., & Sunyaev, A. (2024) · ACM Transactions on Computing for Healthcare · doi:10.1145/3653076 · Cited by 11
“Most reviews (e.g., [1, 2, 13, 14]) provide an overview of blockchain use 15:4 • S. Hu et al. cases in healthcare and focused on the purposes of introducing blockchain (e.g., access control, interoperability, data integrity [1]).”
InfluentialDistributed management of patient data-sharing informed consents for clinical research
Pham, A., Edelson, M., Nouri, A., & Kuo, T.-T. (2024) · Computers in Biology and Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.compbiomed.2024.108956 · Cited by 11
“While it was originally envisioned for financial purposes [27], studies have shown the meaningful values of blockchain in healthcare [28,29], which suggest its potential use in the consent protocol.”
BackgroundBobrova, P., Perego, P., & Boiano, R. (2024) · Sensors · doi:10.3390/s24206582 · Cited by 11
“Hasselgren et al. provide a comprehensive scoping review of blockchain applications in healthcare and health sciences, highlighting potential benefits in areas such as electronic health records management and clinical trials [18].”
BackgroundA New Approach for Secure Cloud-Based Electronic Health Record and its Experimental Testbed
Jusak, J., Mahmoud, S. S., Laurens, R., Alsulami, M., & Fang, Q. (2021) · IEEE Access · doi:10.1109/access.2021.3138135 · Cited by 11
“Due to this chain structure, blockchain can be a secure way of storing medical records [20].”
BackgroundThe IHI Rochester Report 2022 on Healthcare Informatics Research: Resuming After the CoViD-19
Combi, C., Facelli, J. C., Haddawy, P., Holmes, J. H., Koch, S., Liu, H., Meyer, J., Mor Peleg, B., Pozzi, G., Štiglic, G., et al. (2023) · Journal of Healthcare Informatics Research · doi:10.1007/s41666-023-00126-5 · Cited by 11
“The readers are referred to for reviews [74, 75], and examples of blockchain applications in healthcare [76, 77].”
BackgroundBlockchain for the Cybersecurity of Smart City ApplicationsPreprint
Cheikhrouhou, O., Amdouni, I., Mershad, K., Ammi, M., & Nguyen, T. (2022) · doi:10.36227/techrxiv.19990367 · Cited by 11
Non-fungible tokens in healthcare: a scoping review
Abhari, S., Morita, P. P., Miranda, P. A. D. S. E. S., Garavand, A., Hanjahanja-Phiri, T., & Chumachenko, D. (2023) · Frontiers in Public Health · doi:10.3389/fpubh.2023.1266385 · Cited by 8
EDIT: A data inspection tool for smart contracts temporal behavior modeling and prediction
Salve, A. D., Brighente, A., & Conti, M. (2024) · Future Generation Computer Systems · doi:10.1016/j.future.2024.01.004 · Cited by 10
Minango, J., Mora, H. C., Zambrano, M., V, Garzón, N. O., & Pérez, F. J. (2025) · Technologies · doi:10.3390/technologies13020058 · Cited by 10
Yelezhanova, S., Seitenov, A., Kenzhegarina, A., Kenzhetayev, A., Kemel, A., Ualiyev, N., Myrzakerimova, A., Mursakimova, G., Orynbek, A., & Сахипов, А. (2025) · International Journal of E-Health and Medical Communications · doi:10.4018/ijehmc.372423 · Cited by 13
“As Hasselgren et al. (2020) explain, healthcare organizations may need to maintain the ability to erase patient data or grant patients the ability to control the removal of their data when necessary.”
InfluentialA Survey on Blockchain-Based Search Engines
Rezaee, E., Saghiri, A. M., & Agostino Forestiero, A. (2021) · Applied Sciences · doi:10.3390/app11157063 · Cited by 10
IoT based health monitoring and record management using distributed ledger
Makka, S., Arora, G., & Bhargavi, M. (2021) · Journal of Physics Conference Series · doi:10.1088/1742-6596/2089/1/012030 · Cited by 11
“In addition, it can be used in various domains such as IoT, smart investments [15], and public services.”
BackgroundÇalık, E., Kaya, H., & Çelebi, F. V. (2021) · Concurrency and Computation Practice and Experience · doi:10.1002/cpe.6752 · Cited by 10
“2,4,12 There are very few studies on organ/tissue transplantation process using blockchain technology.”
BackgroundBibliometric Analysis of Blockchain in the Healthcare Domain
Garg, S., Kaushal, R. K., Kumar, N., & Verma, A. (2023) · Intelligent and Converged Networks · doi:10.23919/icn.2023.0025 · Cited by 11
Non-repudiable Provenance for Clinical Decision Support Systems
Fairweather, E., Wittner, R., Chapman, M., Holub, P., & Ćurčin, V. (2021) · Lecture notes in computer science · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-80960-7_10 · Cited by 11
COVID-19: A Novel Framework to Globally Track Coronavirus Infected Patients using Blockchain
Rimsan, M., Mahmood, A. K., Umair, M., & Hassan, F. (2020) · doi:10.1109/icci51257.2020.9247659 · Cited by 10
“There are also several blockchains technology applications, such as in health care, automation industry, energy sector, security, and authentication in the smart grid [8].”
BackgroundA Survey of Blockchain and E-governance applications: Security and Privacy issues
AlMendah, O. M. (2021) · Turkish Journal of Computer and Mathematics Education (TURCOMAT) · doi:10.17762/turcomat.v12i10.4964 · Cited by 10
“A suggestion of a decentralized and trustworthy framework for cloud data provenance in many papers using blockchain technology[20].”
BackgroundBlockchain and Internet of Things (IoT): A Disruptive Integration
Moosavi, N., & Taherdoost, H. (2022) · Lecture notes in networks and systems · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-20429-6_30 · Cited by 10
Examining public views on decentralised health data sharing
Neumann, V., Davidge, G., Harding, M., Cunningham, J., Davies, N., Devaney, S., Leeming, G., Holm, S., & Ainsworth, J. (2023) · PLOS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0282257 · Cited by 9
An efficient byzantine consensus mechanism based on healthcare sector in blockchain
Kanagasankari, S., & Vallinayagi, V. (2023) · Multimedia Tools and Applications · doi:10.1007/s11042-023-17548-3 · Cited by 9
Chen, H., Lu, D. X., Xiao, Z., Li, S., Zhang, W., Luan, X., Zhang, W., & Zheng, G. (2024) · Health Information Science and Systems · doi:10.1007/s13755-024-00300-y · Cited by 10
“Nota-bly, the sharing issue of sensitive clinical and therapeutic data can be addressed by the blockchain technology that provides a decentralized and credible environment for data distribution and circulation [176–178].”
Kumar, V., Ali, R., & Sharma, P. K. (2025) · Cluster Computing · doi:10.1007/s10586-025-05423-9 · Cited by 9
“This integration facilitates secure sharing of medical records, streamlines insurance claims, manages supply chains, and fosters innovative healthcare solutions [23].”
Provider profiling and labeling of fraudulent health insurance claims using Weighted MultiTree
Settipalli, L., & Gangadharan, G. R. (2021) · Journal of Ambient Intelligence and Humanized Computing · doi:10.1007/s12652-021-03481-6 · Cited by 9
“There is also an another scope of this work to build advanced healthcare fraud detection models which are secure and privacy preserving using colud technologies (Shanmugapriya and Kavitha 2019) or blockchain technologies (McGhin et al. 2019; Hasselgren et al. 2020).”
BackgroundAmalgamation of blockchain, IoT, and 5G to improve security and privacy of smart healthcare systems
Kumaresan, M., Gopal, R. K. K., Mathivanan, M., & Poongodi, T. (2022) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-323-90615-9.00015-3 · Cited by 9
NikshayChain: A Blockchain-Based Proposal for Tuberculosis Data Management in India
Hiwale, M., Varadarajan, V., Walambe, R. A., & Kotecha, K. V. (2022) · Technologies · doi:10.3390/technologies11010005 · Cited by 9
Metaverse of Things in 6G Era: An Emerging Fusion of IoT, XR, Edge AI and Blockchain Technologies
Maksymyuk, T., Gazda, J., Shubyn, B., Karpin, O., Kapshii, O., Urikova, O., Amhoud, E. M., Liyanage, M., Jo, M., & Döhler, M. (2023) · Lecture notes in electrical engineering · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-24963-1_31 · Cited by 9
Hiwale, M., Phanasalkar, S., & Kotecha, K. V. (2021) · Science & Technology Libraries · doi:10.1080/0194262x.2020.1859046 · Cited by 9
“Blockchain keeps the immutable record of transactions (blocks) chronologically; these transactions are distributed among all the participating nodes without requiring any central authority or trusted third parties (Hasselgren et al. 2020).”
BackgroundFrom assistive technology to the backbone: the impact of blockchain in manufacturing
Nair, M. R., Bindu, N. V. M., Jose, R., & Kumar, K. S. (2023) · Evolutionary Intelligence · doi:10.1007/s12065-023-00872-w · Cited by 9
Blockchain Technology: A Comprehensive Review and Future Directions
Kumar, K. P. V., Lakshmi, B. V., Kumar, S. S., Muralidhar, V., Sai, N. R., & Nagamalleswara, V. (2023) · International Conference on Augmented Intelligence and Sustainable Systems (ICAISS) · doi:10.1109/icaiss58487.2023.10250707 · Cited by 8
“[3].”
Security and Immutability of Open Data in Healthcare
Guimarães, T. A. S., Duarte, R. J. D. S., Cunha, J., Gomes, P., & Santos, M. F. (2023) · Procedia Computer Science · doi:10.1016/j.procs.2023.03.111 · Cited by 8
Secure Biomedical Document Protection Framework to Ensure Privacy Through Blockchain
Jayaraman, R., Alshehri, M., Kumar, M., Abugabah, A., Samant, S. S., & Mohamed, A. A. (2023) · Big Data · doi:10.1089/big.2022.0170 · Cited by 8
“8 The remainder of the article is organized as follows.”
Ramachandran, M. (2023) · Blockchain in Healthcare Today · doi:10.30953/bhty.v6.286 · Cited by 8
Context-Aware Electronic Health Record—Internet of Things and Blockchain Approach
Guimarães, T. A. S., Duarte, R. J. D. S., Hak, F., & Santos, M. F. (2024) · Informatics · doi:10.3390/informatics11040098 · Cited by 8
Clinical Information Systems Research in the Pandemic Year 2020
Hackl, W. O., Hoerbst, A., & Systems, S. E. O. T. I. Y. S. O. C. I. (2021) · Yearbook of Medical Informatics · doi:10.1055/s-0041-1726516 · Cited by 8
“For those interested in the potentially seminal topic “blockchain in healthcare”, we have included a scoping review by Hasselgren et al. in our candidate paper selection [20].”
Implementation of Blockchain in Healthcare: A Systematic Review
Noon, A. K., Aziz, O., Zahra, I., & Anwar, M. A. (2021) · International Conference on Innovative Computing (ICIC) · doi:10.1109/icic53490.2021.9691510 · Cited by 8
Peace engineering and compassionate operations: a framework for leveraging social good
de Queiroz, M. M., Jabbour, C. J. C., Jabbour, A. B. L. D. S., Pereira, S. C. F., & da Cunha, J. A. C. (2022) · Benchmarking An International Journal · doi:10.1108/bij-01-2022-0021 · Cited by 8
A systematic review of the literature on the application of blockchain in the health supply chain
Araújo, A. R. C., dos Santos, I. L., & Reis, A. D. C. (2022) · International Journal of Innovation · doi:10.5585/iji.v10i4.22060 · Cited by 8
Nonfungible tokens (NFTs) in dermatology and health care: A guide for health care professionals
Sitaru, S., Kaczmarczyk, R., & Zink, A. (2022) · JEADV Clinical Practice · doi:10.1002/jvc2.95 · Cited by 8
Blockchain-Enabled Network for 6G Wireless Communication Systems
Moosavi, N., & Taherdoost, H. (2023) · Engineering cyber-physical systems and critical infrastructures · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-18497-0_62 · Cited by 8
A Secure Design of Healthcare System with Blockchain and Internet of Things (IoT)
Pandey, S. K., Vanshika, Anshul, & Dwivedi, R. K. (2023) · International Conference on Intelligent Data Communication Technologies and Internet of Things (IDCIoT) · doi:10.1109/idciot56793.2023.10053491 · Cited by 8
“For the purpose of conducting this SLR, the paper is written by looking at surveys, systematic reviews (SR), systematic literature reviews (SLR), and research articles on blockchain in healthcare and published in the field of blockchain from 2010 to 2019 [13], [14].”
MethodXu, J., Zhang, Y., Yu, H., Lin, B., Peng, X., Lin, T., Lu, H., Zhang, G., Wang, D., Yuan, H., et al. (2022) · Annals of Translational Medicine · doi:10.21037/atm-22-4331 · Cited by 7
“Blockchain (BT) is a new application mode of computer technology and includes distributed data storage, point-topoint transmission, consensus mechanisms, and encryption algorithms, characterized by decentralization and transparency so that database records can be shared safely (12,13).”
BackgroundBennett, R., Hemmati, M., Ramesh, R., & Razzaghi, T. (2024) · Springer optimization and its applications · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-74006-0_2 · Cited by 8
Online Federated Deep Probabilistic Learning-Based Smart Healthcare on Multi-Cloud Systems
Kotb, Y., Oueida, S., Mostafa, N., & Ali, N. (2025) · IEEE Access · doi:10.1109/access.2025.3557877 · Cited by 9
“The most used and famous platforms that can be used for blockchain integration is Ethereum and Hyperledger [29].”
Sharma, S. K., & Parwej, F. (2025) · Blockchains · doi:10.3390/blockchains3030010 · Cited by 10
Partial pre-image attack on Proof-of-Work based blockchains
Baniata, H., & Kertész, A. (2024) · Blockchain Research and Applications · doi:10.1016/j.bcra.2024.100194 · Cited by 7
The applications of digital technology in postgraduate orthodontic education
Karanth, D., Arqub, S. A., & Dolce, C. (2024) · Seminars in Orthodontics · doi:10.1053/j.sodo.2024.03.003 · Cited by 9
Blockchain's Frontier: Enhancing Data Security and Collaboration for Healthcare
Sharma, M., Singh, S., Deep, A., Garg, D., & Kumar, A. (2024) · International Conference on Reliability, Infocom Technologies and Optimization (Trends and Future Directions) (ICRITO) · doi:10.1109/icrito61523.2024.10522385 · Cited by 7
“Blockchain, a decentralized and immutable ledger technology originally devised for powering cryptocurrencies like Bitcoin[10].”
Method
Metadata
- Authors
- Hasselgren, A., Kralevska, K., Gligoroski, D., Pedersen, S. A., & Faxvaag, A.
- Affiliations
- Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NO)
- Corresponding author
- Hasselgren, Anton
- Venue
- International Journal of Medical Informatics
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2020-02
- Volume
- 134
- Pages
- 104040
- ISSN
- 1386-5056 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2996452324
- Semantic Scholar
- e21700b05fc480d4f2c18462dbeaaf90dadb378d
- Cited by
- 676
- References
- 46
- Citations by year
- 2026: 58 · 2025: 98 · 2024: 123 · 2023: 135 · 2022: 127 · 2021: 109 · 2020: 26
- FWCI
- 11.40
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- International Journal of Medical Informatics (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- NORA - Norwegian Open Research Archives (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Information Systems › Blockchain Technology Applications and Security
- Health Sciences › Health Professions › Health Information Management › Electronic Health Records Systems
- Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Information Systems › Blockchain Technology in Education and Learning
- Keywords
- blockchain, health care, electronic health records, personal health records, interoperability, data integrity, access control, provenance, Ethereum, Hyperledger Fabric, health education
- MeSH terms
- Blockchain, Delivery of Health Care, Humans, Health Records, Personal, Electronic Health Records, Quality Improvement, Health Information Exchange
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
A language model drew the claims from the paper on 2026-10-09, under version 3 of the claim definition (model deepseek-v4.1-flash, prompt extract-v3).
A second model labelled each claim on 2026-10-09 (model jev-1.13-20260917, definition revision gold-guideline-v0.2).
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
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